SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF ICT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF ICT - Assignment Example Therefore, this paper will discuss some important aspects regarding maintaining a secured network connection via virtual private networks. In essence, virtual private networks can be classified into two categories that are known as remote access and site-to-site. A remote access enables the user to access internet from a distant location (Hancock 30). A site-to-site VPN connection connects two sides of a private network. A good VPN must provide authentication, integrity, confidentiality, and anti-reply (Maiward 23). Authentication is vital security concern, and takes place at two levels known as machine-level and user-level (Hancock 243). Machine-level authentication is used for VPN connections during the establishment of IP-sec connection. User-level authentication takes place before data can be transferred through tunnel (Mairward 28). VPN Security is critical in many aspects because it has dramatically changed the way people conduct business. If an organization has users that are utilizing remote access, the risk of running into hackers poses a serious threat for a client. In order to remove this threat, using an ap plication such as MacAfee helps clients avoid malicious infiltration (Mairward 28). The traffic between Web browser and the VPN device is encrypted with SSL. Two types of main SSL VPNS are portal and tunnel. A SSL portal VPN secures multiple network services while a SSL tunnel VPN allows clients to access one or more VPN devices via the Web browser (â€Å"SSL VPN Security†). How do VPNs work? A standard VPN might have a main LAN at the head headquarters of an organization while the others LANs can be located at remote offices (â€Å"SSL VPN Security†). A VPN uses a public network, which is internet in most cases, and is necessary in order to connect to distant sites instead of using â€Å"leased lines†(â€Å"Virtual Private

Bank of Japan Essay Example for Free

Bank of Japan Essay Japan underwent a decade-long odyssey with deflation and the zero-bound problem. Economic activity in Japan slowed precipitously following the collapse of the socalled bubble economy in December 1989, and Japan began to experience deflation by early 1995. During this initial period, while the economy was slowing, forecasters and policymakers consistently underestimated the extent of Japan’s economic malaise. Consequently, while monetary policy seemed appropriate in terms of the prevailing outlook, the loosening proved woefully inadequate in hindsight. Convinced that Japan’s economic fundamentals were too severely distressed to be rectified with standard monetary policy measures, on March 19, 2001 the Bank of Japan announced a new policy of â€Å"quantitative easing†, in an attempt to stimulate the nation’s stagnant economy. Under this policy, the BOJ increased its current account target far beyond the level of commercial bank required reserves. This had the expected impact of reducing the already-low overnight call rate effectively to zero. In addition, the BOJ committed to maintain the policy until the core consumer price index registered â€Å"stably† a zero percent or an increase year on year. Such a policy was unprecedented in the history of central banking in any country. Available Choices and Key Decision On March 2006, which is five years after the â€Å"quantitative easing† policy embarked, the issue concern it was bring back to the desk. The Japanese economy was improving at that time and the core consumer price index (CPI) was showing steady growth after years of deflation, one of the predetermined conditions for lifting the policy. As such there was widespread speculation over the future of the policy. One question arisen: Would the current quantitative easing policy persist or would the BOJ return to a normal monetary stance that targeted interest rates? On March 9th 2006, the central bank made the widely expected decision to lift the quantitative easing policy. The BOJ also drew up a set of measures aimed at averting possible market turmoil that could result from lifting the policy. The exit from QF was announced as follows:â€Å" †¦ The outstanding balance of current accounts at the Bank of Japan will be reduced towards a level in line with required reserves. †¦ the reduction in current account balance is expected to be carried out over a period of a few months, taking full account of conditions in the short-term money market. The process will be managed through shot-term money market operations. With respect to the outright purchases of long-term interest-bearing Japanese government bonds, purchases will continue at the current amounts and frequency for some time.† Thus, the BOJ make it clear that the reduction of the excess reserves would be conducted through adjustments of its liquidity operations and not by a rapid reduction of its portfolio of Japanese government securities. In fact, the BOJ announced that it actually would maintain its outright purchases of long-term Japanese government bonds at the pace of 1.2 trillion yen per month. On the same day the BOJ made its decision, the Japan Investment Council, a ministerial-level panel chaired by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, agreed to set a target of doubling the amount of direct investment in Japan by overseas investors to 5% of gross domestic product over the next four years. Personal Decision and Reason Since the BOJ has supplied extremely ample liquidity with current account balance at the bank as the main operating target and the core consumer price index registered â€Å"stably† a zero percent or an increase year on year as the commitment has already been maintained, the exit from QE is preferred choice that BOJ should make. At that time, exports have continued to increase reflecting the expansion of overseas economies. With respect to domestic private demand, business-fixed investment has also continued to increase against the backdrop of high corporate profits. Meanwhile, the output gap is gradually narrowing. Unit labour costs generally face weakening downward pressures as wages began to rise amid productivity gains. Furthermore, firms and households are shifting up their expectations fro inflation. In this environment, year-on-year changes in the consumer price index are expected to remain positive. From all the aspects, BOJ had already fulfilled the commitment made when the quantitative easing started to carry out. Therefore, it was time for BOJ to return to a normal monetary stance that targeted interest rates. And the strategy BOJ used when exit from QE was preferred. The advantage was that the exit of QE was predominantly limited to just one item on the BOJ’s balance sheet and that the balance sheet adjustments were conducted through operations directly with the banking sector, which facilitated the management of the exit process. Since the central bank was set to maintain zero interest rates for some time, the exit from QE would avoid the undesirable effect of inducing the flow of individual investors’ duns into high-risk, high-return instruments and avoid the case rise to speculative money games played out in some corners of the real estate and stock markets. Last but not least, the process of exit from QE showed a collaborative relationship between BOJ and the government. It was a good example for BOJ to maintain a good communication with the government in order to avoid negligent lapses and avoid the distortion to the economy like which happened during the late 1980s due to the government’s excessive influence over monetary policy. This decision lead BOJ one step forward to bank’s autonomy from the state. All in all, the exit from QE in Japan had been considered a success and its experience may serve as a useful example for other central banks.

The Rehearsal On Stage by Edgar Degas Essay -- impressionist movement,

Impressionism can easily be viewed as a captivating and revolutionary art movement, which took place during the Nineteenth century in Europe. Artists of this era began to contend with newer technologies, like the camera, for it possessed the capability to seize a spontaneous moment in time. Impressionists wanted to do the same; they strived to paint the picture of a genuine moment happening in front of them. One famous artist of this time period was Edgar Degas . Degas’ The Rehearsal On Stage, created in1874, reflects the characteristics of the impressionism period style of art as well as Degas’ own personal artistic style. By combining these two influences, Degas was able to produce a painting, which could be used to evoke a feeling of physical, sexual, and moral tension while also depicting modern-day life. Degas’ particular work, The Rehearsal Onstage, was created using pastels over a brush and ink drawing on a thin woven paper canvas. In fact, there is the second painting of Degas’, nearly identical to the one mentioned previously. However, it is instead known as The Rehearsal of the Ballet Onstage. Both variants of the composition are owned by the Metropolitan Museum in New York City . In addition to these two works, Degas seemed to be particularly interested in the subject of ballet across many of his other works as well. He focused on elements such as its elegant scenery, costumes, and movements made by the dancers themselves. He was fascinated by the spontaneity of the performance and yet the amount of restraint that must be exercised by its participants at the same time. More often than not, Degas chose to recreate the ballerinas who were off guard. For example he chose to depicting them as they stood backstage in an ... ...stern perspective. Fourteenth ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2014. "Grover Art Online Degas, Edgar." Oxford Art Online. http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T021805?q=degas&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit (accessed April 21, 2014). "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History." Edgar Degas: The Rehearsal Onstage (29.100.39). http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/29.100.39 (accessed April 23, 2014). "History of Art:The Impressionism - Edgar Degas." History of Art:The Impressionism - Edgar Degas. http://www.all-art.org/history480-5.html (accessed April 23, 2014). "Impressionism artists." Impressionism. http://www.artinthepicture.com/styles/Impressionism/ (accessed April 23, 2014). "Read a Brooke!." : Formal Analysis of Degas. http://babblingbrook3.blogspot.com/2012/04/formal-analysis-of-degas.html (accessed April 23, 2014).

A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid Aim: To carry out a complete kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid: Equation: Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) PART A To deduce the order of the reaction with respect to the concentrations of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid the experiment will be carried out at constant temperature and the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate will be measured for a constant volume of solution that uses 3 varying concentrations of Na2S2O3(aq) while maintaining the concentration of HCl(aq) and 3 varying concentrations of HCl(aq) while maintaining the concentration of Na2S2O3(aq). The rate of the reaction can be determined by the calculating the amount of sulphur produced in the time recorded. This is given by the equation: Rate = Amount of sulphur Time The amount of sulphur needed to obscure the cross is assumed to be the same in each reaction so therefore, Rate = 1 Time Then, the data will be placed in a table to determine the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction and hence the order of both reactants can be formed. Adding up both orders of the reactants gives the overall order of the reaction. PART B To find out the effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate at five different temperatures must be recorded. A graph showing time taken vs. temperature will produce a curve showing the effect of varying temperature on the rate of reaction. The Arrhenius equation ln k = ln A – (Ea / RT) can be shown graphically by plotting a graph of ln (t) against ln (1/T). The gradient of this graph = - (Ea / RT) which can be used to calculate activation energy. The y-intercept of the line = ln A where A is the Arrhenius constant for the reaction. Hypothesis: The rate of a chemical reaction can be obtained by finding out the change in amount (or concentration) of a particular reactant or product over the time taken for this change. Many factors affect the rate of a reaction, one of which is concentration. For any reaction to happen, the reactant particles must first collide. This is true whether both particles are in solution, or whether one is in solution and the other is a solid. If the concentration is higher, there are more particles in the same volume A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid Aim: To carry out a complete kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid: Equation: Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) PART A To deduce the order of the reaction with respect to the concentrations of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid the experiment will be carried out at constant temperature and the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate will be measured for a constant volume of solution that uses 3 varying concentrations of Na2S2O3(aq) while maintaining the concentration of HCl(aq) and 3 varying concentrations of HCl(aq) while maintaining the concentration of Na2S2O3(aq). The rate of the reaction can be determined by the calculating the amount of sulphur produced in the time recorded. This is given by the equation: Rate = Amount of sulphur Time The amount of sulphur needed to obscure the cross is assumed to be the same in each reaction so therefore, Rate = 1 Time Then, the data will be placed in a table to determine the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction and hence the order of both reactants can be formed. Adding up both orders of the reactants gives the overall order of the reaction. PART B To find out the effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate at five different temperatures must be recorded. A graph showing time taken vs. temperature will produce a curve showing the effect of varying temperature on the rate of reaction. The Arrhenius equation ln k = ln A – (Ea / RT) can be shown graphically by plotting a graph of ln (t) against ln (1/T). The gradient of this graph = - (Ea / RT) which can be used to calculate activation energy. The y-intercept of the line = ln A where A is the Arrhenius constant for the reaction. Hypothesis: The rate of a chemical reaction can be obtained by finding out the change in amount (or concentration) of a particular reactant or product over the time taken for this change. Many factors affect the rate of a reaction, one of which is concentration. For any reaction to happen, the reactant particles must first collide. This is true whether both particles are in solution, or whether one is in solution and the other is a solid. If the concentration is higher, there are more particles in the same volume

Network Security Analysis Essay

This article is concerned about network security. It mentions about the present situation of network security and an analysis of the reason that lead to unsafe network environment. Then the article introduces two frequently used protocols in network security: HTTP (Hypertext Transport Protocol) and HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer), then compare them and give a brief conclusion. On the other side, the article introduces how firewall protects network security in hardware aspects. Keywords: Network; Security; Analysis; Countermeasures 1. Introduction As technology develops, network is getting more and more mature. It is known to all that security is the second step after that a successful network has been deployed. 1.1 Situation of Computer Network Security With the rapid development of the Internet and the widespread application, the number of computer viruses, Trojan horses is explosive growth. According to Jinshan drug gangsters â€Å"cloud security† center monitoring statistics show that in 2008, Jinshan drug gangsters were intercepted more and more new viruses, Trojans, which grew up 40% compared with 2007. The center statistics also show that 90% of the virus infected users, this attachment web pages that humans are enjoying the network information with the great wealth and convenient at the same time, also be the severe beset by problems of network information security. The lure of wealth that hackers attack is no longer a kind of personal interest, but more and more become an organized, interest driven career crime. Its main means has: online professor viruses, Trojan horses production technology and various network attack technology; Online exchange, trafficking and rental viruses, Trojan horses, zombie network; Online customized viruses, Trojan horses; Internet theft behavior (account Numbers game, bank accounts, QQ number, etc.), sell the trumpets; Internet fraud and extortion; Through the network business platform money laundering profit, etc. Attackers need technical level gradually decrease, means more flexible, joint attacks increase rapidly. Trojan viruses, Trojan virus writers, professional hack personnel, sales channels, professional players have been formed complete gray industrial chain. 1.2 Threats to Computer Network Security The threat to computer network security includes attacks by hackers and computer virus. It mostly presents in the following aspects. Firstly, send fake E-mails to users. It is a common way to cheat the account and password by posing as legitimate websites. Secondly, damage caused by viruses is also a common phenomenon. For e.g. when virus gets into computer, it will cover our hard disk with useless data. Thirdly, it’s about unauthorized accessing. This mainly refers to the normal use or oversteps their authority to use the network equipment and information resources. Fourthly, damage the integrity of the database. Fifthly, interfere with the normal running of the systems. Finally, communication lines are tapped and people are not familiar about safety of network security. The first situation doesn’t occur in common. However, awareness of maintain computer network security is really important. In the article, it mainly analyzes several common situations and introduces what the threat is and how it works. 1.3 Countermeasures of Network Security As network security has a lot of loopholes, people create a lot of methods to protect network. On the side of hardware, people begin to use firewall to protect network. On the side of software, a lot of tools and technologies have been used in this area, such as router filtering. The article introduces how firewall works and two similar protocols: HTTP and HTTPS. By comparing these two protocols, we will find the development of technology. 1.4 Importance of the Study of Network Security It’s important for securing ones computer, keeping important data and profile information protected. Careful web surfing habits may keep you from being a victim of virus attacks and malware, however this is an intensely risky activity and very often people may end up with an infected computer. Some good anti-virus programs will help to keep your computer protected and safe, but users must remember to keep this updated regularly for better protection over new viruses. 2. Related Work 2.1 Network Security Network security consists of the provisions and policies adopted by a network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible resources. Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, which is controlled by the network administrator. Users choose or are assigned an ID and password or other authenticating information that allows them access to information and programs within their authority. Network security covers a variety of computer networks, both public and private, that are used in everyday jobs conducting transactions and communications among businesses, government agencies and individuals. Networks can be private, such as within a company, and others which might be open to public access. Network security is involved in organizations, enterprises, and other types of institutions. It does as its title explains: It secures the network, as well as protecting and over seeing operations being done. The most common and simple way of protecting a network resource is by assigning it a unique name and a corresponding password. 2.2 ISO/OSI model The International Standards Organization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model defines seven layers of communications types, and the interfaces among them. (See Figure 1.) Each layer depends on the services provided by the layer below it, all the way down to the physical network hardware, such as the computer’s network interface card, and the wires that connect the cards together. People develop a lot of protocols to each layer. Such as PPTP/L2TP to linked layer, IPSEC to network layer, TLS/SSL to transfer layer. Each protocol includes security information that helps network transfer safer and safer. 2.3 IPV4 protocol The protocol contains a couple aspects which caused problems with its use. These problems do not all relate to security. They are mentioned to gain a comprehensive understanding of the internet protocol and its shortcomings. The causes of problems with the protocol are: 1. Address Space 2. Routing 3. Configuration 4. Security 5. Quality of Service The lack of embedded security within the IPv4 protocol has led to the many attacks seen today. Mechanisms to secure IPv4 do exist, but there are no requirements for their use. IPsec is a specific mechanism used to secure the protocol. IPsec secures the packet payloads by means of cryptography. IPsec provides the services of confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. This form of protection does not account for the skilled hacker who may be able to break the encryption method and obtain the key. 2.4 Types and Sources of Network Threats Denial-of-Service, unauthorized access, executing commands illicitly, confidentiality breaches and destructive behavior are common type of threats to network security. The sources of network threats include 3 aspects. Firstly, the invasion of bad information and pollution. Network is open, even borderless space information network of people in the rich cultural life, but also to the illegal dissemination of information or indecent information provided soil British Middlebury Seck Griffith University, Professor Di Mulai study found that in non-academic information on the Internet, 47% of pornography on These content without restriction for people feel free to browse, not only seriously jeopardize the health of young people, and poison the social atmosphere and hinder the building of a harmonious society in China. In addition, the network’s openness and freedom are often some criminals use, or dissemination of endangering national security, to subvert the government, disrupting social order and security of information, or information network organizing rallies and other anti-social activities. Secondly, Internet ‘hackers’ and computer crime. Hacker wanton rampage information networks, technology and the consequences of its invasion of escalating their use of technical means, or attacks on government sites or military organization’s Web site and endanger national security interests, undermine government image; or steal business, financial institutions, business information to profit illegally, endangering the economic order; or steal personal confidential information, violation of privacy or stolen cash. These acts seriously impede the normal operation of information networks. In addition to outside hackers the use of the Internet, the rampant crime and tort. The use of computer information network system to implement theft, fraud or corruption, embezzlement and other crimes than the traditional criminal methods and tools more subtle complexity, and violation of trade secrets with the network, electronic communications freedoms, civil Privacy and damage the reputation of others and other events are also frequent. Online pyramid schemes, online fraud, etc. These crimes have been on the network posed a serious threat to network security. Thirdly, the existence of their own network security vulnerabilities and risks. Freedom to share and open spirit of the Internet, but also the charm of the Internet The Internet is based on TCP / IP protocol, network devices, operating systems with networking capabilities and openness about the existence inherent vulnerability In addition, the software in the design, it is inevitable there are some defects or flaws, which has become a prime target for hackers, while software programmers deliberately left the ‘back door’ has become a major network security risks network These weaknesses of their own existence, to bring the work of anti-hacker considerable difficulty: on the one hand difficult for scientists to develop a common and effective network security for the protection of technical means on the other hand the lack of implementation of these measures sufficient to protect the social environment. 3. Methods 3.1 Analysis of Network Security System and network technology is a key technology for a wide variety of applications. Security is crucial to networks and applications. Although, network security is a critical requirement in emerging networks, there is a significant lack of security methods that can be easily implemented. There exists a â€Å"communication gap† between the developers of security technology and developers of networks. Network design is a well-developed process that is based on the Open Systems Interface (OSI) model. The OSI model has several advantages when designing networks. It offers modularity, flexibility, ease-of-use, and standardization of protocols. The protocols of different layers can be easily combined to create stacks which allow modular development. The implementation of individual layers can be changed later without making other adjustments, allowing flexibility in development. In contrast to network design, secure network design is not a well-developed process. There isn’t a methodology to manage the complexity of security requirements. Secure network design does not contain the same advantages as network design. When considering network security, it must be emphasized that the whole network is secure. Network security does not only concern the security in the computers at each end of the communication chain. When transmitting data the communication channel should not be vulnerable to attack. A possible hacker could target the communication channel, obtain the data, decrypt it and re-insert a false message. Securing the network is just as important as securing the computers and encrypting the message. When developing a secure network, the following need to be considered: 1. Access – authorized users are provided the means to communicate to and from a particular network. 2. Confidentiality – Information in the network remains private. 3. Authentication – Ensure the users of the network are who they say they are 4. Integrity – Ensure the message has not been modified in transit 5. Non-repudiation – Ensure the user does not refute that he used the network Here we mainly discuss fake websites. Fake websites means phishing. Phishing is attempting to acquire information (and sometimes, indirectly, money) such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Communications purporting to be from popular social web sites, auction sites, online payment processors or IT administrators are commonly used to lure the unsuspecting public. Phishing is typically carried out by e-mail spoofing or instant messaging, and it often directs users to enter details at a fake website whose look and feel are almost identical to the legitimate one. Phishing is an example of social engineering techniques used to deceive users, and exploits the poor usability of current web security technologies. Attempts to deal with the growing number of reported phishing incidents include legislation, user training, public awareness, and technical security measures. Once a victim visits the phishing website, the deception is not over. Some phishing scams use JavaScript commands in order to alter the address bar. This is done either by placing a picture of a legitimate URL over the address bar, or by closing the original address bar and opening a new one with the legitimate URL. An attacker can even use flaws in a trusted website’s own scripts against the victim. These types of attacks (known as cross-site scripting) are particularly problematic, because they direct the user to sign in at their bank or service’s own web page, where everything from the web address to the security certificates appears correct. In reality, the link to the website is crafted to carry out the attack, making it very difficult to spot without specialist knowledge. Just such a flaw was used in 2006 against PayPal. A Universal Man-in-the-middle (MITM) Phishing Kit, discovered in 2007, provides a simple-to-use interface that allows a phisher to convincingly reproduce websites and capture log-in details entered at the fake site. To avoid anti-phishing techniques that scan websites for phishing-related text, phishers have begun to use Flash-based websites. These look much like the real website, but hide the text in a multimedia object. 3.2 Firewall’s Protection A firewall can either be software-based or hardware-based and is used to help keep a network secure. Its primary objective is to control the incoming and outgoing network traffic by analyzing the data packets and determining whether it should be allowed through or not, based on a predetermined rule set. A network’s firewall builds a brigade between an internal network that is assumed to be secure and trusted, and another network, usually an external (inter)network, such as the Internet, that is not assumed to be secure and trusted. In general, some functions that can be done by the firewall are: 1. Doing a packet filter firewall can make the decision whether to accept or reject the incoming data packets. 2. Hiding Network Address (NAT) IP addresses can be used on the internet is a public IP. So to create a client that uses private IP can be translated into public IP. These functions are performed by a firewall, known as NAT. 3. Monitoring and Logging to improve network security and logging on the terms monitoring by a firewall. 3.3 Protocols of Network Security Network security protocols are used to protect computer data and communication in transit. The primary tool used to protect information as it travels across a network is cryptography. Cryptography uses algorithms to encrypt data so that it is not readable by unauthorized users. Generally, cryptography works with a set of procedures or protocols that manage the exchange of data between devices and networks. Together, these cryptographic protocols enhance secure data transfer. Without cryptographic network security protocols, Internet functions such as e-commerce would not be possible. Secure communication is necessary because attackers try to eavesdrop on communications, modify messages in transit, and hijack exchanges between systems. Some of the tasks networks security protocols are commonly used to protect are file transfers, Web communication, and Virtual Private Networks (VPN). The most common method of transferring files is using File Transfer Protocol (FTP). A problem with FTP is that the files are sent in clear text, meaning that they are sent unencrypted and therefore able to be compromised. For example, many webmasters update their sites using FTP; an attacker using a packet sniffer and the website’s IP address can intercept all communications between the webmaster and the site’s server. Here we mainly discuss two similar protocols: HTTP and HTTPS. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is a multi-linear set of objects, building a network by using logical links (the so called hyperlinks) between the nodes (e.g. text or words). HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext. The standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616 (June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) with the SSL/TLS protocol. It provides encrypted communication to prevent eavesdropping and to securely identify the web server with which you are actually communicating. Historically, HTTPS connections were primarily used for payment transactions on the World Wide Web, e-mail and for sensitive transactions in corporate information systems. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, HTTPS began to see widespread use for protecting page authenticity on all types of websites, securing accounts and keeping user communications, identity and browsing history private.

Immigration in the United States of America

Immigration in the United States of America "Every immigrant who comes here should be required within five years to learn English or leave the country" said Theodore Roosevelt one of the forty four presidents of the United States. Nowadays, being a great empire in the international arena and the country full of opportunities America faces immigration from all over the world that in turn makes various problems within the country. It continues to be one of the controversial and divisive topics that involve hot debates. So talking about immigrants, it should be highlighted that immigrants comprise both legal and illegal ones. Any individual who resides in a country illegally and without any permission from authorities is known as an "illegal immigrant." However, undocumented immigrants are divided into several categories such as the individuals who entered the country illegally and others who came legally but overstayed the number of days that were permitted on their visa. By the date of visa expiration some people do not leave t he country deciding to take a risk in search of a better life thus violating visa rules and remain there holding a status of illegal immigrant simultaneously using all government services.September 11, 2001 attacks in New York City: View ...Regardless of type of individual both bring risk to the United States including waste of money on governmental services and domestic security.As it is stated in the book of Current Issues the United States has always benefited from the hard work and cultural diversity that new comers bring to the country which considers itself "a nation of immigrants." (Farrell, Tiffany 2006.) Nonetheless, the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 committed by nineteen foreign-born men was the evidence of the fact that more attention should be paid to immigrants and more quotas should be introduced. In order to improve security the United States should place more restrictions on immigration, some...

Using Instructional Materials to Sustain Pss2 Secretarial Students’ Interest in Office Practice Subject at Joy Professional Academy, Kumasi Essays

Using Instructional Materials to Sustain Pss2 Secretarial Students’ Interest in Office Practice Subject at Joy Professional Academy, Kumasi Essays Using Instructional Materials to Sustain Pss2 Secretarial Students’ Interest in Office Practice Subject at Joy Professional Academy, Kumasi Essay Using Instructional Materials to Sustain Pss2 Secretarial Students’ Interest in Office Practice Subject at Joy Professional Academy, Kumasi Essay Background to the Study A teaching method may be described as the standard procedure in the presentation of instructional materials and the content of activities. It is the way and manner in which the teacher presents his/her lesson to enable his/her students acquire knowledge in the subject under consideration. Any teaching method a teacher uses has advantages, disadvantages, and requires some preliminary preparation. Often times, a particular teaching method will naturally flow into another, all within the same lesson, and the excellent teacher can develop the skills to make the process faultless to their students. The classification of a teaching method as being right for a particular lesson depends on many factors such as, the age and developmental level of the students,  their experiences, interests and goals, what they already know, and what they need to know to succeed with the lesson, the subject-matter content, the objective of the lesson,  the available number of students, time, space and material resources, and the physical setting. However, another, more difficult problem is to select an instructional method that best  fits ones particular teaching style and the lesson-situation. There is no one right method for teaching a particular lesson, but there are some criteria that pertain to each lesson that can help a teacher make the best decision possible. Individuals learn in different ways. According to Dale (1996) from the www. dol. gov website, a person remembers 10% of what they read, 20% of what they heard, 30% of what they seen and 50% of what is seen and heard. The percentage increases for those fortunate enough to read, hear, see and do things in actual or practical experiences. A teacher has many options when choosing a style to teach by. The teacher may write lesson plans of their own, borrow plans from other teachers, or search online or within books for lesson plans. Teachers know that students learn in different ways. Students take in information and demonstrations of knowledge differently too. Teachers use multiple means of knowledge to help students learn and strengthen understanding. Teachers use a variety of strategies and methods to ensure that all students have equal opportunities to learn. Teaching methods vary as to the conditions they can create and different types of learning objectives require different conditions for achievement, the choice of teaching methods should therefore be based primarily on the type of learning objective. First, a single teaching method typically cannot create all the conditions necessary for a given learning objective. Second, learning objectives involving complex skills require teaching methods that promote active learning on the part of students, while learning objectives involving simpler skills can be achieved with more passive teaching methods. However, most teachers of Accounting have been using the lecture method to teach students various concepts and materials in accounting. Students thus become passive learners as they only become receptors of knowledge and are allowed very limited participation in the lessons. This has been one of the contributory factors of a significant number of students failing or performing abysmally in the Accounting paper. This method also suppresses the thinking abilities of the students and affects their abilities to analyse and work problems accurately. Meanwhile, a lot of teaching methods abound and so the researcher would like to find out if the participatory method of teaching can help improve students understanding of the Double Entry Principle in accounting. Statement of the Problem Although there is a growing emphasis on accounting education and a growing awareness for students to acquire greater knowledge of the concepts in accounting, most teachers who teach the subject mostly use the lecture method in the delivery of lessons. Students thus do rote learning and find it very difficult to analyse and solve most problems in accounting. The aim f the researcher therefore, is to attempt to use the participatory method to assist students in their efforts to acquire more knowledge and improve their understanding of the complex nature of the Double Entry Principle. Objective(s) of the Study The specific objective of the study is to use participatory method in teaching the double entry principle in accounting. Purpose of the Study Th e purpose of the study is to find out whether the participatory method of teaching can help to improve Post Secondary School (PSS) 1 students at Joy Professional Academy understanding of the Double Entry Principle in Accounting. Research Questions The following research questions were used for the study (1) How can the participatory method of teaching improve students’ understanding of the Double Entry Principle in Accounting? (2) Is the participatory method of teaching the best for teaching the Double Entry Principle in accounting? Significance of the Study The significance of the study are as follows: (i) This action research would help teachers teach double entry principles to improve upon the learning of accounting to PSS1 students at Joy Professional Academy, Kumasi by using participatory based method. ii) It would help teachers strive to improve their teaching methods in accounting. (iii) It would help increase the students’ level of learning and understanding. When there is an emphasis on teaching for meaning, there is student’s greater retention and an increased likelihood that the ideas will be used in new situations. (iv) It would serve as literature for review in further studi es. Delimitations of the Study Due to time and material constraints, the study is limited to the Post Secondary School (PSS) 1 class at Joy professional Academy, Kumasi. Only the members in this class were used for the study. Organisation of the Study This study is divided into six chapters. Chapter one is the introduction. It looks at the background of the study, the statement of the problem, the purpose of the study and significance of the study. It also briefly looks at the research questions and delimitations of the study. Chapter two is the literature review. Literature is reviewed according to the research questions. Chapter three presents the methodology used for this study. It also looks at the research design. It explains the population, sample and sampling procedure and the instruments used in collecting data for the study. It also discusses how data was collected and analysed. Chapter four presents the intervention design and implementation of the problem identified Chapter five presents the results of the study. It also analyses the results of the study. Chapter six presents the summary, conclusions and recommendations of the study. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction This chapter is the review of literature. It presents the literature according to the research questions. In presenting the literature review, the researcher would like to give a brief detail about the Double entry Principle In accountancy, the double-entry bookkeeping (or double-entry accounting) system is the basis of the standard system used by businesses and other organisations to record financial transactions. Its premise is that a businesss (or other organisations) financial condition and results of operations are best recorded in accounts. Each account maintains a history of changes in monetary values about a particular aspect of the business. This system is called double-entry because each transaction is recorded in at least two accounts. Each transaction results in at least one account being debited and at least one account being credited, with the total debits of the transaction equal to the total credits. This requirement has a benefit to the bookkeeper, because the accuracy of the accounts can be checked quickly for, when all the accounts that have debit balance are summed, they should equal the sum of all the accounts which have a credit balance. Without this requirement, there would be no quick means to check accuracy. The double entry system is the base or fabric for a full fledged financial accounting information system. Financial accounting information system comprises all the documents, records and evidence of financial transactions between the business, its employees and the outside world. Advantages of double entry principles i. Entry for every transaction is made twice, one on the debit side and the other at the credit side. This provides an automatic check on the correctness of the records. If cash is misappropriated, other things being equal, it would be revealed by the accounts ii. A picture of the company’s financial obligations and the resources to meet them is always in focus. iii. All transactions are suitably divided into a personal and in personal group. iv. A double entry system facilitates the setting out of the financial position of the business at any moment in time. v. The double entry system helps the business to associate each person or business with the area of operation to which he is connected with the business and the amount due on such operation. Disadvantages of double entry principles i. It is time consuming and expensive since every transaction should be recorded at least twice ii. It is complicated; it is not easy for a layman to understand and interpret an account, e. g. edger accounts and cashbook. iii. Single entry system avails itself to everyone who can read and write to keep his own records of his transactions. Double entry can be properly done only by an expert. iv. The double entry system gives an unreliable assurance that if the trial balance and the balance sheet agree at the two sides then some accuracy prevails in the recording pr ocess. Using the participatory method of teaching to improve students’ understanding of the Double Entry Principle in Accounting The quality of education depends, to a large extent, on the quality of teachers involved in its development and delivery. A quality teacher will acknowledge the needs and interests of the pupil, permit the pupil to learn at his/her own pace, encourage learning through doing and where necessary provide remedial and enrichment instruction among others. The methods and techniques used by the teacher will help their students realise the understanding of any topic. Jones (1987) in Andersson Bendix (2006) states that participatory teaching methods are â€Å"those which draw the student into the classroom learning process. † A good learning experience can be borne out of the interaction between the participants freely exchanging their knowledge and ideas. Participatory teaching methods can increase both the teachers’ and students’ motivation, as the awareness of what is going on in the classroom increases through interaction. According to Jones (1987) participatory teaching methods include, for example, brainstorming to create ideas spontaneously, directed dialogues as examples of problem solving, small group discussions for preparing food for thought for the whole group, role playing as a stimulation, games as thematized interaction, panel discussions for airing ideas, debates for learning argumentation, and Socratic dialogues as a way to explore the theme further. Scharff and Brown (2004) add learning communities to participatory teaching methods as a way to integrate together students with heterogeneous backgrounds. In theory of situated learning both learners and teachers are considered to form a community of practice together (Wenger, 1998). Similar to apprenticeship, the learner participates in the community, first to learn legitimate ways to communicate within it, and gradually to participate as a full-fledged member in transferring knowledge and skills. The situated learning approach enlightens us on the idea that learning is a two-way process of interaction. The way and manner a teacher would deliver his/her content to his/her students would be informed by the kind of teaching method he/she is using at the particular point in time. Factors like the size of the class, the objectives of the lesson, the time allocated for the lesson, the nature of the topic being treated and its content, among others would help the teacher to know which teaching method to use (Baffour-Awuah, 1992). Perrott (1988) commented on teachers’ characteristics that promote teaching and learning as follows: teachers should be enthusiastic, businesslike and task oriented. She said further that teachers should be clear when presenting instructional content. She added that teachers should also use a variety of instructional materials and procedures and should provide opportunities for students to learn the instructional content. Farrant (1982) said that to promote effective teaching and learning in schools, the teachers should be knowledgeable or qualified and be able to adopt the appropriate instructional methods to bring about desired objectives. The best teaching method for presenting the Double Entry Principle in Accounting According to Baffour-Awuah (1992), there is nothing like the best teaching method for teaching one or all topics in any subject. It needs a combination of two or more methods for one to teach effectively. Francoise et al (1995) suggested that instructional choice can improve comprehension and memory of concepts and procedures while affording students an opportunity to develop their thinking skills, principles and concept demanded by the accounting students. Cooper and Mucks (1989) described group learning as a structural systematic instructional strategy in which small groups work together towards a common goal. When establishing a basis for constructing an appropriate response to the afore-mentioned description, it is important for an instructor to use group learning in the teaching and learning of accounting. Feldman and Dow (1997) supported the idea that group activities that enhance students’ communication and interaction encourages more active learning environment. Larson (1990) revealed that the educational philosophy behind the development of accounting is that learning occurs most effective when students are actively involved. He said the goal is for students to use much of their study time as possible in active behaviour such as answering questions and solving problems. The above statements suggest that to promote effective teaching and learning in school, teachers should involve students actively in lessons especially concerning problem solving and workings on class exercises. Tamakloe et al (1996) said that it is important to note that the rate of learning of the average student is not the same as that of the very fast learner, or the one who learns at a slow pace. They said this calls for the recognition of the potent role which individual differences play in the learning process. They have suggested that programmes of learning should be designed to cater for individual dispositions so that each student can learn at his own pace. Teachers, of course, aim at the best possible product, such as students passing their exams and getting a degree. Students, nowadays, are both customers and users of teaching. The students know their own rights, and capabilities or limitations, and the value of this should be put in to use in getting the students involved during the teaching/learning process (Vuokko and Berg, 2007). According to Andersson and Bendix (2006) in university traditions, students are usually approached as teaching subjects. Smith (1999) disclosed that good relationship between students and instructors and the establishment of conducive environment in the classroom have the tendency of improving students’ performance in accounting for the objectives to be achieved. This framework recognizes the need to first establish the learning objective and the material needed to accomplish the objectives. Brunner and Piaget (1993) who advocated for learning by discovery believed that students learn best when they have the opportunity to discover for themselves what they do not know. Hence, concrete learning should precede abstract learning. Farrant (1982) stressed that motivational methods can bring about desired objectives. He therefore mentions motivational techniques such as awarding arks and praise, and giving special gifts like books and sweets, doing practice and repetition and individualised learning are important in promoting effective learning. Ehiametalor (1990) suggested that to improve upon the performance of the students, the presentation of accounting information should be followed by assignments. Moore (1989) maintained that teachers should be enthusiastic in their teaching, because enthusiastic teachers produce higher academic achievers all things being equal. Whitehead (1991) suggested that to improve the ability of students in schools, students should concentrate on areas in which they are least competent. He said the competencies required of the accounting students are the ability to master the processes involved which include the ability to explain concepts. Davidson (1994) charged all stakeholders in education to lay a strong foundation in education to enable students do well in school. Borich (1988) also suggested that the teacher could concentrate on the middle level or average students while giving individual attention to the weak students. He recommended that the above average students could be encouraged to work ahead of their colleagues. Finally, accounting students need to apply accounting principles and concepts in tackling accounting questions. Johnstone and Biggs (1998) mention problem-based learning, identification of problem-solving skills, critical thinking skills and case method as ways to develop accounting studies. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Introduction This chapter presents the methodology used for the study. It also looks at the research design. It explains the population, sample and sampling rocedure and the instruments used in collecting data for the study. It discusses how data was collected and analysed. Research Design The research design used for the study was the evaluative study. This method sought to make judgement about the effectiveness and relevance of the participatory method of teaching in Accounting. Population The population was made up of students of the PSS 1 Accounting Class and teacher s in the school who taught Accounting. This population was chosen because they would be able to provide the researcher with the relevant data needed for analysis. Sample and Sampling Procedure The sample for the study was made up of twenty five students drawn from the PSS1 Accounting Class. The simple random sampling method which is a probability sample in which each population element has a known and equal chance of being included in the sample was used to select the respondents. It also helped the researcher to identify and enumerate the finite population. Instruments The researcher used questionnaires, interviews and observations as its key instruments in the study. Questionnaires Questionnaire was used to obtain information from a number of the students and teachers who were sampled for the study. The items in the questionnaires were written in a clear language to enable respondents understand and answer the questions objectively as possible. The choice of the questionnaire for the study was that the researcher did her internship in the school in which the research took place and so the identification of the population for the study was not difficult. The only weakness was that it some of the respondents did not return their questionnaire for the analysis of data. Interview schedules Students and teachers’ views on the double entry principle in accounting were sought. The interview sought to find out students perception, interest, attitude and their performance in accounting. It also sought to find students views on the various methods employed during the teaching of the subject Observations Personal observations were carried out during the one year internship programme. The purpose was to find out how students behave towards the teaching of accounting and how to improve upon students’ performance in the subject. Again, it was aimed at observing methods and strategies employed during the teaching of accounting. In addition, the researcher also observed the relationship between the teachers and students during accounting lessons. Data Collection Procedures Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. Data was also collected through books, journals, and articles written by specialist in the fields of education mostly especially on teaching methods. Data Analysis In an effort to make the presentation of the findings succinct and comprehensive, the data was organised into tables and the results were analysed using mean mark. The difference in mean mark helped the researcher to make meaningful conclusions for the study. CHAPTER FOUR INTERVENTION DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION Introduction This chapter presents the intervention design and implementation for this study. Intervention Design The following factors are the interventions designed to use the participatory method of teaching to improve students’ understanding of the Double Entry Principle in Accounting. The participatory method of teaching involves teaching methods that involves learners or students in the teaching/learning process. There are a lot of participatory teaching methods but the ones the researcher used were: (i) The Activity Method (ii) The Demonstration Method (iii) The Discussion Method Implementation of the Intervention Designs (i) The Activity Method This is a way of working that allows investigation, experience or study in which the student is allowed to develop and express his own ideas, thoughts and activities. This method is learner-centred in that it lays more emphasis on the active participation of the student with a minimum intervention or interference by the teacher. Implementation of the Activity Method The researcher selected the sub-topic â€Å"Recording transactions in the assets and liabilities accounts† under the Double Entry Principle and all the materials and teaching aids like charts and prepared questions for the group. The researcher prepared the environment (i. e. the classroom) where the lesson was held to facilitate teaching and learning. The researcher gave the exact and clear instructions to the students as to how to go through the lesson. This was done during the introduction of the lesson. The rule or instruction for the double entry concept states that every debit entry in the book of accounts must have a corresponding credit entry and vice versa. The rule for entering transactions into the assets and liability accounts was explained to the students. The rule for entering transactions in the assets accounts states that: (a) to increase an asset, debit the accounts and (b) to decrease an asset, credit the accounts and while the rule for entering transactions in the liability accounts states that: (a) to increase a liability, credit the account and (b) to decrease a liability, debit the account. The students were grouped into five groups with five members in each group for the activities. Each group was given a prepared question and was told to discuss and enter the transaction into the appropriate accounts correctly showing the double entry effect of each transaction. For example, the questions that were given are as follows: a) Kwame started business with cash GH? 400 b) Paid loan from outside party by cash GH? 20 c) Introduced capital deposited into the business bank account GH? 100 d) Purchased stock in trade on one month’s credit for GH? 30 from Ato e) Bought a motor van GH? 0 paying by cheque The researcher moved among the groups to guide and supervise their work. The researcher called the group leader to present the solution of each group on the chalkboard. Students were then asked to give their opinions on each solution that had been presented. They discussed the solutions that had been presented. The researcher was alert to any unexpected situation that occur red in the course of the lesson and gave prompt solutions to them. The researcher concluded the lesson by reviewing it through questioning and also allowed the students to give a verbal summary of what they did. The researcher gave students assignment on the sub-topic to do at home and present it to her for marking the next day. The advantage of the activity was that it makes learning more interesting, enjoyable but not passive and boring to the students. It encourages pupils to be creative, curious, develop initiative and to discover new knowledge. It also helps to reinforce and revise what is being taught. However, its disadvantages are that it is time consuming and also requires a hardworking and resourceful teacher to handle this method effectively. (ii) The Demonstration Method The demonstration involves showing, telling and doing something can be observed by an individual or group of learners. In demonstration, the teacher is the principal performer or demonstrator while the students are his/her audience. It is usually the major part of all the learning activities which facilitate learning by doing. Implementation of the Demonstration Method The researcher gave the sub-topic â€Å"Account† to the students. She introduced the lesson by telling the students the objectives of the demonstration in order to motivate them to participate in the lesson. The researcher gave an overview of the main steps of the demonstration. This was to allow the students have an idea of what was to be learnt. Steps 1. (i) The definition of the term â€Å"account† was written on the chalkboard (ii) The simplest form of the account was given to the students as the ‘T’-account. It has two sides; the left-hand side and the right-hand side. The left-hand side is debit (Dr. ) side and the right-hand side is the credit (Cr. ) side. The title which is centred at the top of the account gives the particular name of account. (iii) The example of the account format was written on the chalkboard for the students to see as: Machine Account Dr. Cr. 2. The students were shown how to record transactions at the appropriate sides of the respective accounts. For example: Kofi Atta’s Account ? ? Loan 500,000 Purchases 2,000,000 The demonstration method assists in making the results of difficult activities readily available and also can be used to verify observations made previously by students. It also helps students to think and apply what they have learnt in a demonstration to new situations. However, the demerits are that it can result in students initiating a practice without understanding its basis. It also requires much planning and preparation by the demonstrator. iii) The Discussion Method This method involves the exchange of ideas, facts and opinions about a topic between individuals or group of students under the guidance of the teacher. The main mode of interaction between the students is by verbal or oral communication. The discussion was done by the whole class. Implementation of the Discussion Method The researcher mentioned the topic to be discussed to the students. The topic that was for the discussion was â€Å"Ledger,† one of the sub-topics under the double entry system. The researcher announced the procedure for conducting the discussion to the students. The researcher then initiated the discussion and guided students to come out with a definition of a â€Å"ledger. † After the definition of a ledger, the researcher asked the students a series of questions to help them out with the features of a ledger. The researcher led the students through questioning to come out with the functions of the ledger. This stage was very interesting as students came out with several functions of the ledger. The researcher ensured that the students talked about the topic and did not deviate from it. The researcher asked leading questions to come out with the classifications of the ledger. Students were able to come out with these ledgers. The researcher wrote all the important points in the course of the discussion on chalkboard for the students to see and understand what is being discussed. The researcher ended the discussion by summarising all the main points, facts and opinions mentioned in the discussion. The researcher asked the students questions to review their understanding. The merits of the discussion method is that it helps students to explore for answers to problems and it also the students to get clearer views on the ideas they express as it clarifies their thinking. CHAPTER FIVE RESULTS OF THE STUDY Introduction This chapter presents the results of the study. It also discusses the results of the study. This study was to find out how the use of the participatory method of teaching could help improve students’ understanding of the double entry principle in accounting. The study reveals the pre and post intervention results when the various intervention strategies were implemented. Table 1: Results of the students with the use of the Activity Method No. of Students Mean Mark Difference in Mean BeforeAfter 255. 087. 041. 96 From Table 1, the mean mark of the students in series of exercises conducted for the students before the use of the activity method was 5. 08. The mean mark of the students after the use of the method was 7. 04. When the two marks are compared, the mean difference between the two scores was 1. 96. This indicated that the use of the activity method had a greater influence on the understanding and performance of the students in the various tasks. Table 2: Results of the students with the use of the Demonstration Method No. of Students Mean Mark Difference in Mean BeforeAfter 2535. 4862. 426. 76 From Table 2, the mean mark of the students in series of exercises conducted for the students before the use of the demonstration method was 35. 48 while the mean mark of the students after the use of the method was 62. 24. The mean difference between the two scores was 26. 76. This indicated that the use of the demonstration method had a greater influence on the understanding and performance of the students in the various tasks. Table 3: Results of the students with the use of the Discussion Method No. of Students Mean Mark Difference in Mean BeforeAfter 2544. 8069. 8425. 4 From Table 3, the mean mark of the students in series of exercises conducted for the students before the use of the discussion method was 44. 80 while the mean mark of the students after the use of the method was 69. 84. The mean difference between the two scores was 25. 04. This indicated that the use of the discussion method had a greater influence on the understanding and performance of the students in the various tasks. Discussion of the Findings The objective of the study was to use the participatory teaching method to enhance students’ understanding of the double entry principle. The mean mark of the students in the assessment tasks before the use of the intervention strategy (activity method) was implemented was very low. This however, had increased by a significant (greater) margin. This meant that the students had showed much improvement and understanding of the topic that they had being taught. The activity method helped the students to be able to undertake the various activities that were presented to them. With respect to table 2, the story was not much different. The students’ mean mark had increased by a margin of 26. 76. This showed that the method used in delivering the lessons to the students was very effective. From table 3, the pre-intervention mean mark of 44. 80 had increased to 69. 84. The discussion method had helped to improve upon the performance of students in using the double entry principle in accounting. The adoption of all the intervention strategies contributed effectively in diverse ways to help achieve the objectives of the study. For instance, student’s response to questions showed that their improved performance in the various forms of assessment indicates that each of the intervention designs played a vital role. CHAPTER SIX REFLECTIONS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction This chapter presents the reflections, conclusion and recommendations for the study. Reflection In reflecting upon this study, the researcher has come out with the following comments. The methods used by the researcher developed in students the spirit of co-operation among the students particularly during the use of the class discussion and the activity teaching methods. It was also revealed that the combination of different teaching methods during the teaching and learning process is a positive step since individual students benefit from different teaching strategies. The researcher identified some peculiar problems students encounter in analysing some concepts in the double entry principle. Students found it difficult, for example, to identify different accounts. The researcher found out that teachers tend to use complex sentences in explaining concepts to students. Most of the teachers did not use simple sentences to explain concepts to the students. The students perceive accounting subject as a very difficult one and so most of them were not punctual to class when it was time for accounting. Again, the lack of up-to-date Accounting textbooks was also a problem. The students used pamphlets and hand-outs that did not treat the very fine details of the subject. Most of the teachers used mostly one teaching method especially, the lecture method. This affected the students’ understanding on most of the topics. They did not involve the students much in the teaching/learning process. Also, the environment in which teaching and learning was not cordial. Students were seen as dull and so the teachers did not accommodate them in the teaching/learning process. Most of the teachers were also not regular in class because of lack of effective supervision by the administrators of the school. Some of the teachers most of the time did not make use of teaching materials in their lessons. They had the impression that the teaching of the topic did not call for teaching and learning materials. Conclusion The following findings were made: It came out the activity, demonstration, and discussion methods helped students to improve upon the learning of double entry principles in accounting and also made them conversant with the accounting policies and concepts. It was also revealed that the students became confident to practise what they had been taught by the teacher with the use of the activity, demonstration, and discussion methods. From the findings, the conclusion drawn is that the use of participatory method assisted students to improve upon their understanding and performance of the double entry principle in accounting. Recommendations It is recommended that: (i) Accounting teachers in the school should be resourceful and use effective instructional methods in teaching in order to improve upon instruction in accounting studies. They use a combination of traditional and contemporary instructional methods in teaching such as co-operative learning, demonstration, discussion and activity based has brought a significant change in the performance of the students. ii) Curriculum developers should also design instructional procedures to serve as a guide for teachers in their use of the suggested syllabus. (iii) Again, the school administrators should organise workshops for the accounting teachers in the school to keep them abreast with current and changing trends in the teaching of accounting. (iv) Teachers should t ry as much as possible to give more exercises to the students. They should also be given more practical work and a lot of homework to help extend students learning time. v) Teachers should use appropriate teaching and learning aids to reinforce the concepts to help enhance students’ interest in the lessons when they are being taught. Suggestion for Future Research In view of the limited area this study covered as a result of time and financial resources constraints, it is suggested that a further research be conducted using a different teaching method to ascertain students understanding in the double entry principle in accounting.

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The management of ipratroprium during an asthma attack - Essay Example It is however important to realize that the administration of Ipratropium should be managed in a way that makes its use safe for the patient. The delivery of Ipratropium is carried out in the form of aerosolized solution through the use of a metered dose inhaler. The recommended dosage of Ipratropium in inhaled solutions is 500 mcg given 6 or 8 hourly. Therapeutic benefit starts within 30 seconds and reach its 50% level by the end of 3 minutes; this effect persists for about 6 hours. Being a quaternary ammonium compound, ipratropium carries a positive charge and is therefore not easily absorbed from lungs; hence systemic absorption is minimal which makes it a safe compound. Significant improvement in pulmonary function becomes apparent within a time span of 15 to 30 minutes. Combinations of ipratropium and albuterol are also marketed, the use of which should be avoided in patients who have a known allergy to Peanuts, since soya lecithin is used as a career in such combinations (Lehne,

Federalist paper declaration of independence Essay

Federalist paper declaration of independence - Essay Example s not secured against the violence of the stronger; and as, in the latter state, even the stronger individuals are prompted, by the uncertainty of their condition, to submit to a government which may protect the weak as well as themselves; so, in the former state†. Madison is expressing in this last paragraph the dilemma between majority and minority protection. Too much majority protection, and the society is like an anarchy: The strong form coalitions and rule by force, using the state as a narrowly-concealed bludgeon. But with too much protection for the weak, it is inevitable that â€Å"hereditary or self-appointed authority† take over, and a â€Å"will... independent of society itself† characterized by a social elite will dominate, which is even worse than the majority tyranny leading to the odious state of anarchy. Madison then argues that Rhode Island, without reform in the manner prescribed by the Federalist Papers and the eventual Constitution, is an example of this risk of majority tyranny. â€Å"[I]f the State of Rhode Island was separated from the Confederacy and left to itself, the insecurity of rights under the popular form of government within such narrow limits would be displayed by such reiterated oppressions of factious majorities that some power altogether independent of the people would soon be called for by the voice of the very factions whose misrule had proved the necessity of it†. Thus, Madison is proposing that Rhode Islands governmental form be used as an example to stray away from, lest the Constitution lead to the same risk of anarchy or majority tyranny. The â€Å"will independent of society†, of course, is the risk of going too far away from the pole of majority power, represented by Rhode Island, and towards a regime more like an authoritarian or monarchic one. The whole objective of the Federalist Papers was to craft another solution, a different way of going between the horns of the dilemma: â€Å"[B]y comprehending in the society so

Foundation of Organisation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foundation of Organisation - Coursework Example One major problem that arises due to first growth is poor coordination. With a huge workforce working for the organization and a lot of resources being utilised to ensure high productivity, there are high chances of poor coordination setting in. Although the company might record increased sales, this does not automatically mean that the company is becoming more profitable. The organization may in fact be spending more to achieve less. In this respect, there are chances that lack of proper coordination could lead to cash flow shortages, which at first may be subtle and easy to ignore but with time, expenses will start exceeding revenues at a higher pace with each new month of business growth.   Under this circumstance, the company then begins to haemorrhage and becomes less profitable. Although hiring more employees results in increased production, it could negatively affect its performance. This is mainly because as the number of employees increases, the company and its principles begin to loose touch with the key employees, most of whom are more experienced, well trained and are more depended on by the company. Such employees will suffer greatly from loss of job satisfaction, become demotivated and could even quit the company. Having many employees could also lead to unproductive divisions that could strain its profitability and performance. As they try to control increased business activities and increased employee base, the management could lose track of the business functions that are more essential and this directly impairs its performance. The other potential problem that fast growing firms could encounter as they grow is lack of proper business planning. This problem mainly arises because the decision to expand in such companies is driven by the desire for personal/company satisfaction and the need to take advantage of available business opportunities instead of economic analysis, market studies and sound financial evaluation. As a result of this, the management of the company will end up creating for themselves a challenge beyond their capability and experience. Because of the improper motivations, such firms end up making rash decisions and developing projects or buy machinery that may not necessarily increase the profitability and performance of the company. Such projects or machinery could block the ability of the company to develop more appropriate projects or purchase more effective machinery due to incompatibility with the rashly established projects or acquired machinery. It could even lead to incompletion of these projects due to the problem of underfunding and this will have used funds for setting up more appropriate projects. Question 2: Solutions Solutions to loss of clear insight into the performance of the business and its profitability The company’s management must ensure that all its undertakings aim at supporting the core activities of the business. This means that the company must ensure that all the acti vities of various functions are properly coordinated. Good governance also plays a great role in the success of companies experiencing fast growth. The management of the organization should see to it that good decisions are made and that policies created by management apply throughout the organization. The company should limit all new projects to those it has the capacity and experience of handling. If not, it should hire people who are experienced and competent enough to handle such projects. This solution is crucial in

Essay Title Why is linking serial offences not an exact science

Title Why is linking serial offences not an exact science Critically examine this view using real example to illistrate your points - Essay Example The insistence on the number of victims being a minimum of three poses a problem in that it may be viewed more as a counting exercise rather than the indicator of a particular state of mind! As stated by Mouzos & West: "a killer who murders two victims and is apprehended by police prior to committing additional murders, and who exhibits the same or similar characteristics as one who kills five, is also important to our understanding of this phenomenonThe ability of law enforcement agencies and the wider community to understand and manage the risk posed by the serial killer is intrinsically linked to a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the individual and the motivating factors."(Serial Murder-Australia, 2007) Mouzos & West suggest that further study should be done on those who commit two instead of more murders, and this can be compared with studies already done of the motivations of serial killers. This would lead to an understanding of why-apart from being caught-those who stop at two murders on separate occasions do so. (Serial Murder-Australia, 2007) The task of linking serial offences cannot be an exact science in the way Physics or Chemistry are, because of the human element involved. Any study of human volition cannot be exact, however much that study may claim to depend on precise mathematical formulae or other measurements. It is the ability to predict, which may be considered as the basis for categorizing a science as exact (pure science) or inexact (humanities). Linking serial offences can ultimately only indicate likelihood rather than certainty, because this involves human volition-both in the commission of the offence by the perpetrator, and in the interpretation of data (this involves discretion) relating to offences. Let us examine the results of studies on the predictability factor in linking serial offences. The task of "prediction of dangerousness"(Norko & Baranoski, p73, 2008) gained importance in medicine in the seventies and eighties, not because of clinical wisdom or the "quest for testable hypotheses about human behaviour"(Norko & Baranoski, p 73, 2008) but out of a practical need to differentiate between patients who needed to be treated as in-patient, and out-patients, and to decide who could be permitted voluntary care, and who had to compulsorily be given treatment. The criterion of dangerousness was put forward as the basis for making these decisions. This dangerousness criterion and the necessity for doctors to predict its violent eruption became enshrined in several legal decisions between 1960 and 1980. However, as a reaction to this, psychiatrist Bernard Diamond declared that "Neither psychiatrists nor other behavioural scientists are able to predict the occurrence of violent beh aviour with sufficient reliability to justify the restriction of freedom on the basis of the label of potential dangerousness." (Diamond, 1974, p 452 in Norko & Baranoski, pp73-74,2008) Research studies undertaken since 1990 have concluded variously. There are studies that demonstrate a) linkages between mental illness and violence, b) others that do not support such a linkage, and c) yet again other studies that "demonstrate the importance of nonmental health variables in relation to violence."(Norko & Baranosk

Foundation of Organisation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foundation of Organisation - Coursework Example One major problem that arises due to first growth is poor coordination. With a huge workforce working for the organization and a lot of resources being utilised to ensure high productivity, there are high chances of poor coordination setting in. Although the company might record increased sales, this does not automatically mean that the company is becoming more profitable. The organization may in fact be spending more to achieve less. In this respect, there are chances that lack of proper coordination could lead to cash flow shortages, which at first may be subtle and easy to ignore but with time, expenses will start exceeding revenues at a higher pace with each new month of business growth.   Under this circumstance, the company then begins to haemorrhage and becomes less profitable. Although hiring more employees results in increased production, it could negatively affect its performance. This is mainly because as the number of employees increases, the company and its principles begin to loose touch with the key employees, most of whom are more experienced, well trained and are more depended on by the company. Such employees will suffer greatly from loss of job satisfaction, become demotivated and could even quit the company. Having many employees could also lead to unproductive divisions that could strain its profitability and performance. As they try to control increased business activities and increased employee base, the management could lose track of the business functions that are more essential and this directly impairs its performance. The other potential problem that fast growing firms could encounter as they grow is lack of proper business planning. This problem mainly arises because the decision to expand in such companies is driven by the desire for personal/company satisfaction and the need to take advantage of available business opportunities instead of economic analysis, market studies and sound financial evaluation. As a result of this, the management of the company will end up creating for themselves a challenge beyond their capability and experience. Because of the improper motivations, such firms end up making rash decisions and developing projects or buy machinery that may not necessarily increase the profitability and performance of the company. Such projects or machinery could block the ability of the company to develop more appropriate projects or purchase more effective machinery due to incompatibility with the rashly established projects or acquired machinery. It could even lead to incompletion of these projects due to the problem of underfunding and this will have used funds for setting up more appropriate projects. Question 2: Solutions Solutions to loss of clear insight into the performance of the business and its profitability The company’s management must ensure that all its undertakings aim at supporting the core activities of the business. This means that the company must ensure that all the acti vities of various functions are properly coordinated. Good governance also plays a great role in the success of companies experiencing fast growth. The management of the organization should see to it that good decisions are made and that policies created by management apply throughout the organization. The company should limit all new projects to those it has the capacity and experience of handling. If not, it should hire people who are experienced and competent enough to handle such projects. This solution is crucial in

Syrian Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Syrian Civil War - Essay Example The economy of the country is severely impacted as it is facing international isolation. Despite the strong ramifications of the war, both sides are adamant in their position and argue that their position is the right one. The FSA argues that it has a right to a democratic government. The government has not been elected by the people. Moreover, the government has been unable to provide the people with the promised economic and political improvement. The root cause of the uprising is unemployment, dictatorship, and corruption. The FSA point out that the government has been violent in the way that it has tried to curb the uprising. The millions of people who had died are mainly the innocent public. The Assad regime, on the other hand, argues that civil war is not the solution. The FSA has taken up a violent stance in the entire situation. The regime argues that the entire situation could have been approached in a more politically correct manner. The regime has no other option but to strike back. The government has not treated innocent people harshly. It is only the insurgents who had been punished and the government has to take a strong stance against civil war. In the personal-social context, the actions of the FSA can be looked from two perspectives. The actions of the FSA are wrong when considered to be taken for individual advantage but FSA is aiming for the improvement of the society. Even the government argues that it is not attacking FSA for personal reasons but to bring about peace in the region. The government here has a privilege over the people because it has power but then again it is also at a disadvantage because it has been criticized for misusing its power. The privilege of power comes with a disadvantage of becoming

Chinese philosophy Essay Example for Free

Chinese philosophy Essay Taiji (literally great pole) is a Chinese cosmological term for the Supreme Ultimate state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potentiality, contrasted with the Wuji ( , Without Ultimate). The term Taiji and its other spelling Tai chi (using Wade-Giles as opposed to Pinyin) are most commonly used in the West to refer to Taijiquan (or Tai chi chuan, ), an internal martial art, Chinese meditation system and health practice. This article, however, refers only to the use of the term in Chinese philosophy and Daoist spirituality. Contents [hide] 1 The word 2 Taiji in Chinese texts 2. 1 Zhuangzi 2. 2 Huainanzi 2. 3 Yijing 2. 4 Taijitu shuo 3 Core concept 4 See also 5 References [edit]The word Chinese taiji is a compound of tai ? great; grand; supreme; extreme; very; too (a superlative variant of da ? big; large; great; very) and ji ? pole; roof ridge; highest/utmost point; extreme; earths pole; reach the end; attain; exhaust. In analogy with the figurative meanings of English pole, Chinese ji ? ridgepole can mean geographical pole; direction (e. g. , siji four corners of the earth; worlds end), magnetic pole (Beiji North Pole or yinji negative pole; anode), or celestial pole (baji farthest points of the universe; remotest place). Common English translations of the cosmological Taiji are the Supreme Ultimate (Le Blanc 1985, Zhang and Ryden 2002) or Great Ultimate (Chen 1989, Robinet 2008); but other versions are the Supreme Pole (Needham and Ronan 1978), Great Absolute, or Supreme Polarity (Adler 1999). [edit] Taiji in Chinese texts Taiji references are found in Chinese classic texts associated with many  schools of Chinese philosophy. Zhang and Ryden explain the ontological necessity of Taiji. Any philosophy that asserts two elements such as the yin-yang of Chinese philosophy will also look for a term to reconcile the two, to ensure that both belong to the same sphere of discourse. The term supreme ultimate performs this role in the philosophy of the Book of Changes. In the Song dynasty it became a metaphysical term on a par with the Way. (2002:179) [edit]Zhuangzi The Daoist classic Zhuangzi introduced the Taiji concept. One of the (ca.3rd century BCE) Inner Chapters contrasts Taiji great ultimate (tr. zenith) and Liuji six ultimates; six cardinal directions (tr. nadir). The Way has attributes and evidence, but it has no action and no form. It may be transmitted but cannot be received. It may be apprehended but cannot be seen. From the root, from the stock, before there was heaven or earth, for all eternity truly has it existed. It inspirits demons and gods, gives birth to heaven and earth. It lies above the zenith but is not high; it lies beneath the nadir but is not deep. It is prior to heaven and earth, but is not ancient; it is senior to high antiquity, but it is not old. (tr. Mair 1994:55) [edit]Huainanzi The (2nd century BCE) Huainanzi mentions Taiji in a context of a Daoist Zhenren true person; perfected person who perceives from a Supreme Ultimate that transcends categories like yin and yang. The fu-sui (burning mirror) gathers fire energy from the sun; the fang-chu (moon mirror) gathers dew from the moon. What are [contained] between Heaven and Earth, even an expert calculator cannot compute their number. Thus, though the hand can handle and examine extremely small things, it cannot lay hold of the brightness [of the sun and moon]. Were it within the grasp of ones hand (within ones power) to gather [things within] one category from the Supreme Ultimate (tai-chi ) above, one could immediately produce both fire and water. This is because Yin and Yang share a common chi and move each other. (tr. Le Blanc 1985:120-1) [edit]Yijing Taiji also appears in the Xici Appended Judgments commentary to the Yijing, a late section traditionally attributed to Confucius but more likely dating to about the 3rd century B.C. E. [1] Therefore there is in the Changes the Great Primal Beginning. This generates the two primary forces. The two primary forces generate the four images. The four images generate the eight trigrams. The eight trigrams determine good fortune and misfortune. Good fortune and misfortune create the great field of action. (tr. Wilhelm and Baynes 1967:318-9) This two-squared generative sequence includes Taiji, Liangyi Two Polarities; Yin and Yang, Sixiang Four Symbols (Chinese constellation), and Bagua Ba gua. Richard Wilhelm and Cary F. Baynes explain. The fundamental postulate is the great primal beginning of all that exists, tai chi – in its original meaning, the ridgepole. Later Indian philosophers devoted much thought to this idea of a primal beginning. A still earlier beginning, wu chi, was represented by the symbol of a circle. Under this conception, tai chi was represented by the circle divided into the light and the dark, yang and yin, . This symbol has also played a significant part in India and Europe. However, speculations of a Gnostic-dualistic character are foreign to the original thought of the I Ching; what it posits is simply the ridgepole, the line. With this line, which in itself represents oneness, duality comes into the world, for the line at the same time posits an above and a below, a right and left, front and back – in a word, the world of the opposites. (1967:lv) [edit]Taijitu shuo Zhous Taijitu diagram The Song Dynasty philosopher Zhou Dunyi (1017-1073 CE) wrote the Taijitu shuo Explanation of the Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate, which became the cornerstone of Neo-Confucianist cosmology. His brief text synthesized aspects of Chinese Buddhism and Daoism with metaphysical discussions in the Yijing. Zhous key terms Wuji and Taiji appear in the opening line , which Adler notes could also be translated The Supreme Polarity that is Non-Polar! . Non-polar (wuji) and yet Supreme Polarity (taiji)! The Supreme Polarity in activity generates yang; yet at the limit of activity it is still. In stillness it generates yin; yet at the limit of stillness it is also active. Activity and stillness alternate; each is the basis of the other. In distinguishing yin and yang, the Two Modes are thereby established. The alternation and combination of yang and yin generate water, fire, wood, metal, and earth. With these five [phases of] qi harmoniously arranged, the Four Seasons proceed through them. The Five Phases are simply yin and yang; yin and yang are simply the Supreme Polarity; the Supreme Polarity is fundamentally Non-polar. [Yet] in the generation of the Five Phases, each one has its nature. (tr. Adler 1999:673-4) Instead of usual Taiji translations Supreme Ultimate or Supreme Pole, Adler uses Supreme Polarity (see Robinet 1990) because Zhu Xi describes it as the alternating principle of yin and yang, and †¦ insists that taiji is not a thing (hence Supreme Pole will not do). Thus, for both Zhou and Zhu, taiji is the yin-yang principle of bipolarity, which is the most fundamental ordering principle, the cosmic first principle. Wuji as non-polar follows from this. [edit]Core concept Taiji is understood to be the highest conceivable principle, that from which existence flows. This is very similar to the Daoist idea reversal is the movement of the Dao. The supreme ultimate creates yang and yin: movement generates yang; when its activity reaches its limit, it becomes tranquil. Through tranquility the supreme ultimate generates yin. When tranquility has reached its limit, there is a return to movement. Movement and tranquility, in alternation, become each the source of the other. The distinction between the yin and yang is determined and the two forms (that is, the yin and yang) stand revealed. By the transformations of the yang and the union of the yin, the 5 elements (Qi) of water, fire, wood, metal and earth are produced. These 5 Qi become diffused, which creates harmony. Once there is harmony the 4 seasons can occur. Yin and yang produced all things, and these in their turn produce and reproduce, this makes these processes never ending. (Wu, 1986) Taiji underlies the practical Taijiquan (T’ai Chi Ch’uan) A Chinese internal martial art based on the principles of Yin and Yang and Taoist philosophy, and devoted to internal energetic and physical training. Taijiquan is represented by five family styles: Chen, Sun, Yang, Wu(Hao), and Wu (NQA {Meeting}).