Finance Internship Report

Internship / Project Title: Revenue Operations Specialist Internship / Project Progress: I worked in a Saas-based company as a revenue operation specialist. My main responsibilities were to work closely with the CFO with weekly cash flow analysis and to apply cash, book journal entries and created A/R aging reports in Net Suite and GP. Also, I completed monthly GL account reconciliations and revenue waterfalls and prepared SOX filing, such as sales order and journal entry samples.Furthermore, I worked closely with account executives in managing over 350 customers, generating invoices and processing payments in Quickbooks and Xero. When my company transferred system, I migrated over 5 GB of system data using Pivot Table and Vlookup and created novel collection metrics and invoice billing charts on daily basis. Besides, I helped AP team to verified over 100 weekly expense reports for employee expense reimbursements and assisted with accounting logs and billing/revenue close process.I a lso supported in preparation of financial statements and management reporting and managed billing schedules for revenue recognition This position helps me understand how a finance department runs in the daily work. Also, I built many skills relevant to accounting in the software industry, such as revenue recognition, account receivables and VSOE. I summarized what I learnt and contributed for my company below.Revenue and Budgeting: Assisted financial team to reached $29 million quarterly revenue target in ahead of one month; Managed P&L, aged receivables, income statement, bank reconciliation reports and journal entry for monthly revenue reconciliation; Handled revenue waterfall month end closures in an accurate and timely manner, finishing a week before official due date and exceeding manager expectation. Maintained the budgeting model by the development and improvement of budgeting process to decrease 10% cost on delivery rates and advertisement occupancy.Account Management: Engag ed professionally with sales personnel to manage over 350 customer master files in QuickBooks and 300 customers in Xeros and to implement leads generations in Salesforce. com CRM; Built and developed customer relationships to enhance performance in the bank and generated 10% in portfolio revenue. Data Management: Posted daily cash applications and journal entries in various accounts in Net Suite, kept track of over checking and money market accounts simultaneously and maintained onsistently 100% accuracy; Reconstructed over 5 GB of system data using vlookup and combination formulas in Excel, handled software compatibility issues, input and output parsing, saved company over 30 hours in automating the manual migration of data. Overall, what I learn from class in ITU is well applied to my job. For instance, in Financial Accounting class, we learnt the knowledge about three important financial statements, which I used and reviewed in my job.

Top Ten Characteristics of a Multicultural School Environment

Top Ten Characteristics Of A Multicultural School Environment Not all students are the same so they cannot be taught the same way. Their cultures and experiences the way they learn and respond to schooling. Several cultural factors affect the way students behave in a classroom. Each student is different because of physical and mental abilities, gender, ethnicity, race, language, religion, class, sexual orientation, and age (Gollnick and Chin, p. 6). Multicultural school has different characteristics.I think the most important is the composition of the faculty, administration, and other staff accurately reflects the pluralistic composition of the United States (Gollnick and Chin, p. 7) because this will influence a student’s behavior. The United States has one of the most extensive and diverse educational systems in the world. US population is composed of different races, each with different cultures. I think it would be helpful for a student to study in an environment wherein they value or give respect to different culture. The school environment and the faculty have great impact on student’s development.Because of this, students will be assured that they will not be discriminated. US has a federal legislation for elementary and secondary schools, No Child Left Behind, requires standardized testing of students to determine how effective a school is in helping students to learn (Gollnick and Chin, p. 12). A school is an institution where students learn the value of respecting others, if the faculty, staff and school administration lacks this, and then it can be hard for students with different culture to study and interact with others at school.Second is that the school curriculum incorporates the contributions of many cultural groups and integrates multiple perspectives throughout it (Gollnick and Chin, p. 7). Some people check on a school’s curriculum before they decide on what school they will go. It is important that the school gives val ue to the contributions of many cultural groups. I rank differences in academic achievement levels disappear between males and females, dominant and oppressed group members, and upper-middle-class and low-income students (Gollnick and Chin, p. ) as third because it is also important that students achievement will not be based on their gender, social group or race instead of their knowledge and abilities. With the persistence of racism, poverty, unemployment, and inequality in major social systems such as education, many persons have found it difficult to reconcile daily realities with the publicized egalitarianism that characterizes the public rhetoric (Gollnick and Chin, p. 36).In a multicultural school, students should not experience this, instead, they should experience equality no matter what race, culture, gender or social groups they are involved with. The faculty, administrators, and other staff see themselves as learners enhanced and changed by understanding, affirming, and reflecting cultural diversity (Gollnick and Chin, p. 7). The faculty, administrators, and other staff should be open for changes. They should learn on how to interact on different cultures. They should not be one-sided and be open for some changes because it is a part of life.Teachers and administrators are able to deal with questions of race, inter group relations, and controversial realities on an objective, frank, and professional basis (Gollnick and Chin, p. 7). States and school districts expect new teachers to have proficiencies related to multicultural education by the time they finish a teacher education program (Gollnick and Chin, p. 13). This means, since a teacher is one of the foundation in education, they should be the one to have the skill or proficiency to handle multicultural students.They should use professionalism in dealing with every student no matter what culture they possess. They should be proficient and unbiased in addressing issues raised by students, howeve r making sure that they answer it based on truth. Students are able to use their own cultural resources and voices to develop new skills and to critically explore subject matter (Gollnick and Chin, p. 7). I rank this as seventh because I believed that school is a place where a person develops his own knowledge and skills. The language in which students are taught is one of the most significant issues for schools.Many Americans have become concerned about how best to educate students who are new to the English language and to American culture. As children of all ages and from dozens of language backgrounds seek an education, most schools have adopted some variety of bilingual instruction. Students are taught in their native language until their knowledge of English improves, which is often accomplished through an English as a Second Language program. Cultural differences are treated as differences, rather than as deficiencies that must be addressed in compensatory programs (Gollnick and Chin, p. ). A multicultural school should be fair in giving compensatory benefits for students with different culture. Having different culture should not be a factor in receiving benefits that every student should receive. Instructional materials are free of biases, omissions, and stereotypes (Gollnick and Chin, p. 7). Instructional materials are important in teaching, because these are visualization of what the teacher is teaching. These should be free of biases or stereotyping. Students learn to recognize and confront inequities in school and society (Gollnick and Chin, p. 7).In an environment where there is no discrimination or prejudice, a student will learn how to recognize and confront inequities either in school or society. A multicultural school must teach student on how to address different discrimination. I put this on last because I think discrimination or inequity starts within us. A person must first learn to recognize and confront it inequalities by himself, in ca n be taught on school but experience is a best teacher. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gollnick, Donna M. Chinn, Philip C. 2006. â€Å"Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society. † Seventh Edition. Prentice-Hall/Merrill.

Union Carbide India Limited

It all started with the manufacturing of flash light batteries in Calcutta by the Eveready Company Limited of Great Britain. Later on this company became a subsidiary of UCC headquartered in New York. The company later adopted the new name of Union Carbide India limited and also established a factory in India to manufacture flash lights along with expansion of its capacity to manufacture dry-cell batteries. The company progressed and by the eighties they were involved in batteries, carbon and metals, plastics, marine products, and agricultural chemicals. UCIL established fifteen plants in different parts of India. To expand its agricultural division UCIL sought permission of Indian government to allow them to set up a pesticide plant. Initially the plant was started near the city of Trombay but later on switched to Bhopal. The plant in the beginning imported Sevin powder from the United States diluted it with non-toxic powder and sold it. Later the Indian government pressurized UCIL to manufacture Sevein and its components in India. That's how the Bhopal plant expanded and the investment in the plant increased from initial $1 million to $25 million. The company made its mark among all companies present in India in terms of Sales. In Bhopal the UCIL factory was like any other process plant with storage tanks, hoppers and reactors connected by pipes, pumps, valves and ducts. Sevin was made through a chemical reaction between alpha-naphthol and methyl isocyanate, MIC. MIC is a highly reactive liquid that boils and becomes a gas above day time temperatures. UCC was the world leader in MIC technology and provided essentially al the process design for the plant but did not send engineers to supervise the construction. The alpha-naphthol unit began experiencing some problems. Also the sales were started going down in the beginning of 80s due to various reasons. Due to the decline in sales the unit started having losses. The staff at the MIC was cut from twelve operators on a shift to six. The maintenance team was reduced in size. In a number of instances, faulty safety devices remained unrepaired for weeks. The plant was running at far below capacity. The company seriously started making plans for dismantling the plant and shipping it to some other region. UCIL was located in Bhopal where there was a shanty town inhabiting thousands of India's poorest citizens. In the South of Bhopal wealthy Indians lived in their elegant houses. MIC the main component used to prepare Sevin was made at the plant by reacting Phosgene gas with another chemical but the system had been idle. The MIC was being used from ‘charge-pot' which was periodically resupplied from either of two different tanks. Operators had experienced difficulty in pressurizing one of the tanks. At the night of the incident, several hundred gallons of water entered in this particular tank. The water reacted with MIC producing heat and gas. A relief valve soon lifted and MIC vapor began flowing through vent headers and out a discharge stack. Some workers reported to supervisors that their eyes began to water because of possible leak of MIC. Supervisors found what they believed was the source and they set up a fire hose to spray water on the suspected leak. The water curtain that may have reduced the concentration of the gas was only set to ~13 m and did not reach the gas; it was not designed to contain a leak of such magnitude. The supervisors retired to the company canteens in violations of instructions not to take their break together. The supervisors were later called when the tank was rumbling with increasing pressure but it was too late for them to take any concrete action. MIC vapor were billowing from an atmospheric vent in the air. The cloud of deadly white gas was carried by the northeast wind toward the shanties on the south side of the plant. On the cold night cold of December 03, 1984, MIC settled toward ground. The gaseous fumes reached the huts resulting in panic and confusion. Many of the weak and elderly died where they lay blinded and smothered by the acrid fumes. Though the audible external alarm was activated to warn residents of Bhopal, it was quickly shut down to avoid causing panic among the residents. Thus, many continued to sleep, unaware of the unfolding drama. However, as the words of the gas leak spread, many of the Bhopal's affluent citizens fled in their cars while poor were left behind. An estimated 2000 or more died that deadly night while over 200,000 were injured. Doctors and hospitals were not informed of proper treatment methods for MIC gas inhalation. They were told to simply give cough medicine and eye drops to their patients. Confused crowds waited outside hospitals outside the hospitals for medical care. The plant on the other hand, later on, was closed and locked. The citizens of Bhopal remained totally shocked by the turn of events. Soon after the incident blame game started. UCC referred to deliberate act as a possible cause of the water entry. Later the company suggested that a Sikh terrorist group might have sabotaged the plant. A representative of UCC's investigation team suggested that the gas was formed when a disgruntled plant employee, apparently bent on spoiling a batch of methyl isocyanate, added water to a storage tank. There were many theories started flowing around. UCC and UCIL executives were charged in India with manslaughter and other crimes. UCC chairmen Anderson along with the head of UCIL was arrested and briefly detained by Indian officials when they went to India after the incident. Several UCIL employees were also arrested and CBI began criminal investigation. A number of US and Indian lawyers rushed to sign up gas victims and their relatives as clients. Different class action lawsuits were filed in the United Sates on behalf of the victims of disaster. In March 1985, India enacted the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act, giving UOI the exclusive right to represent the victims. Finally, In an out-of-court settlement reached, Union Carbide agreed to pay $470 million for damages caused in the Bhopal disaster. As we know from the background of the case that refrigeration unit was not working, safety devices were not working, safety standards and operating procedures were not im place, maintenance was poor, downsizing took place and less qualified personnel were hired. These issues indicate that the problem lied at the management level. Inefficient operation shows that there was absence of even basic management. The day to day operations were not carried out according to the general standards and norms then what can be said about disaster planning or planning for dealing with an unforeseen event. At UCIL the local management should have taken the complete responsibility of the diaster as they failed to maintain even the basic principles of management. Even though foreigners were on the board of directors but it was not the responsibility of the board member to run day to day operations. The whole blame was put on foreigners and forign board and the case became one of the most talked about industrialized disaster in the history. The plant was purely run by the Indian local managers and it was the responsibility of such managers to maintain the basic standards. This incident would not have happened had management been active in implementing the basic levels of management. Ideally there should be a contingency plan in place to deal with the possible disasters. In plants dealing with chemicals there is always a possibility of accidents and disasters of any proportion. It was naive of the management to forget about the contingency measures. On another level the government of India also played the political part and tried to trap foreign board in the incident while forgetting that primary responsibility lied on management on ground. Foreign board in Bhopal's case also on the hand tried to safegurd its image as the issue was discussed on all forums There had been many accidents of similar nature in UCC's American plants prior to the Bhopal accident but they did not get much publicity and were not blown out of proportion because they were tackled at the management level on ground. As later there was a ruling that the case should be tried in India. The company denied every charge leveled against UCC and pointed out that no US citizen had been employed there 2 years before the disaster. Foreign board definitely had the moral responsibility of the incident but they cannot be blamed for failed day to day operations. The case reminds us that on the first level basic management should function and operations should be efficiently run. However the management responsibility does not end here. Management should be on toes and keep on scanning both external and internal environmental factors. There should be contingency plans in place to deal with possible mishaps or disasters.

Finite Element Method in Computer Simulation Outline

Finite Element Method in Computer Simulation - Outline Example In this scenario, some of the industrial uses and applications of FEA can comprise effect or crash analysis of automobiles, structural analysis of bridges and buildings, electromagnetic analysis of AC and DC motors, aerodynamic analysis of airplanes and airfoils, injection molding simulation of plastic components, fluid flow investigation in channels and pipes and heat transfer through housing and commercial places and buildings. In addition, FEA uses certain physical principles that guide it regarding the actions of these physical systems. In view of the fact that biological systems also comply with the similar basic physical principles, hence the FEA can also be used to forecast the physical reaction of biological systems to recognized loading circumstances (Roylance, 2001; BIO-Mesh, 2012). The first principle is known as preprocessing which allows the user to build a framework of the component of a physical system that has to be tested. Additionally, at this step, the geometry is classified into several separate subparts, which are linked with each other at isolated places acknowledged as nodes. In addition, these frameworks are believed to be very time-consuming to put in order, as well as viable codes oppose one another to get the most easy to use graphical preprocessor to support in this somewhat tiresome task. In some cases, these preprocessors can spread over the surface a mesh on a preexisting CAD, with the intention that element analysis can be completed handily as an element of the automated drafting and design process. In this scenario, the process that is followed by the FEA modeler in order to communicate this information to the FEA software is known as "boundary conditions." In addition, boundary conditions notify the FEA software how loading would be chal lenged by rotations of definite nodes and restricted displacements (Roylance, 2001; BIO-Mesh, 2012; Starns, 2010). This

Improvements for Aaron's Situation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Improvements for Aaron's Situation - Case Study Example This ability will allow him to integrate more and more with other children as he progresses. In addition, Aaron has high awareness of his surroundings and is able to adapt quickly and manipulate the environment around him. Finally, Aaron’s IQ level is above average, which shows that his ability to learn and comprehend is strong. Used in conjunction with his communication skills and ability to adapt to the environment around him, Aaron could step to the forefront of his class as a leader both academically and socially if he were able to overcome his personal auctions. Some of the challenging behaviors that present obstacles for Aaron’s progress are the fact that he vandalizes property, runs away from home and school, and exhibits violence at school. Aaron’s tendency to vandalize property may be an attempt to control his surroundings, responding to negativity by breaking something to alleviate rage and make a point. His unannounced attempts to leave home and school show that these places cause stress for him and running away is one of his coping mechanisms. Finally, Aaron’s tendency to demonstrate violence at school shows his lack of respect for personal boundaries and his attempts to defend himself against his insecurities by resorting to violence. All of these behaviors are challenging for authority figures because they present obstacles for Aaron’s education and the education of those around him. These behaviors also compromise the safety of Aaron and those he comes in contact with. Some of the causes that may have contributed to Aaron’s negative behavior is the instability he has experienced at home and school. The imprisonment of his father has left him without a father figure to look up to and provide guidance. This also left a sense of structure and discipline out of Aaron’s life.  

Process Business Integration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Process Business Integration - Research Paper Example   The 21st-century leadership practices can also be observed to emphasize reinventing effective measures in order to establish a better communication channel between the customers, suppliers and other groups of stakeholders. This apparently advocates corporate measures to integrate the supply chain functions at almost every phase. The two most apparent drivers of these changes in organizational leadership practices can be identified as the continuous development of global business culture and the trend of continuous expansion within the corporate world (McAdam & McCormack, 2001). Emphasizing the present transformational changes in the contemporary business environment, the primary purpose of this essay will be to critically identify the key areas of business process integration in relation to the unconventional approaches of supply chain management practiced by modern organizations. In establishing this particular aim, evidence provided by McAdam and McCormack (2001) and Cagliano, Caniato, and Spina (2006) will be referred and critically reviewed with prime significance throughout the study. When addressing the linkage between business process integration with supply chain management practices in the modern era, McAdam & McCormack (2001) were able to connote few noteworthy aspects, which can be examined as the major determinants of the currently exhibited challenges and proficiencies of the corporate world. McAdam & McCormack (2001) subsequently explained that an integrated supply chain management ensures the improvement of operational functions to a substantial extent offering added managerial control on organizational performance. Based on their empirical study, McAdam & McCormack (2001) were of the view that modern business organizations need to focus on developing at least two significant aspects in order to sustain in this competitive era. These aspects comprise the supply chain management procedure and integration of business

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research paper - Essay Example Great emphases on the inferential cycle demarcate the specific reduction strategy that variously enhance the sustainability of small scale businesses and conceptualize the resultant consistencies in the business. The key concerns that factor the review system highly substantiate the voluminous women based entrepreneurs that have potentially improved expansively through the entire developmental phases. The temperamental culture of women in business expressed by Cromie and Hayes (1988) explains the demands available in the market world and how inclusive characteristics of women provide hidden business ideas that summarily articulate the role of women entrepreneurs in establishing robust businesses. In general terms, the role played by women in ensuring that business performances are duly observed create a much more consultative overview of factors that enrich the provisions of women in an enabling business environment. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The business entrepreneurship concept in India reflected a general impression of the role women play in modern entrepreneurs. The simplistic nature of the entire business cycle further displays the convergence of business along gender and regard for women remained lightly earmarked hence further demonstrating the greater role these perceptions are to women today. The independence of women’s entrepreneurs’ expresses opportunities slashed in view of Tyrkko (1986) as generally modeled to mainstream the submissions against growing efforts to enrich the potentials of women and in principle, give substantial business aids. In the transitional cycles heightened in key convenient principles, Minniti (2012) expresses the record-based mainstreaming of Indian’s women emerging business experiences and how descriptive processes would largely propel them to characteristically viable business engagements. In general terms, this factor has critically hindered women from satisfactorily meeting their business goals. In that sequence, it has proven too difficult to support these women further to achieve their business goals (Buttner and Moore, 1997). 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study on Indian Women entrepreneurs will be aided by comprehensive study objectives, noted in principality of their relevance to the study; a) To highlight key factors that shall influence the business performances of Indian Women Entrepreneurs b) To create a comprehensive comparison between women entrepreneurs and male entrepreneurs and draw relevant conclusions as per the research c) To make relevant conclusions regarding possible improvement measures of such women entrepreneurs in India 1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS The study, reflected by (Buttner and Moore, 1997), demonstrates the relevant convergence of independent factors in describing the transitional cycle of the entrepreneurship theory among the various women groups in India. From the direct relationships created between direct influences resulting from effects of procedural women entrepreneurs in India and the immediate market trends created by varied correlation values, there is a substantial similarity between women and men entrepreneurs. The business characteristic created during the entrepreneur pitfalls and certain set trends reflect the ownerships remarkably paralleled in view of the transitional

Compare and contrast reform under Khrushchev and Gorbachev Essay

Compare and contrast reform under Khrushchev and Gorbachev - Essay Example 2009). In 1934 Khrushchev became a member of the partys central committee. He had a close link to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, and after Stalins death in 1953 Khrushchev surfaced as the new leader. He started restructuring Stalins most atrocious extremes, and as he criticized some crimes of Stalin which was considered as a dramatic development. Khrushchev as well tried to create fresh dealings with the United States; in 1959 he visited the U.S. and met with President Eisenhower (answers.com. 2009). Khrushchev delivered his well-known secret speech in 1956 wherein he exposed the reality of a letter written by Lenin prior to his death. The letter was significant of Stalin’s misdeeds, and Khrushchev made use it as weapon to condemn Stalins rules and practices, mainly the purges that he supported. This denigration led to de-Stalinization, a course that led to reforms, for instance leniency towards government censorship of the press, transference of economic decision making, and streamlining of the cooperative farm. Concerning foreign policy, Khrushchev promoted ‘peaceful coexistence,’ and reduction of strain involving the United States and the Soviet Union. At the same time Khrushchev was condemned from the start for the recommended reforms, and his political and armed forces failure in the Cuban Missile Crisis made certain his loss of control. In addition, the majority of his reforms were not working by the early 1960s (phs.prs.k12.nj.us/ewood., N.D) The Khrushchev’s duration of rule did not limit itself to the financial system. Where as he went on to demonstrate how changing financial requirements were mirrored in the social and political ‘superstructure’. The most remarkable aspect after the Stalin period was the reduction of scare and the majority of the labour camps were out of terror and more relaxed. Essential basics of the rule of law were reinstated, as the

Key historical and political trends in nursing research Essay

Key historical and political trends in nursing research - Essay Example Nursing research is not separate from nursing practice, it is a process that is interconnected with, is influenced by and influences other nursing components. These are philosophy, knowledge, science, theory, research, abstract thought processes, and nursing practice. (Burns et al, 2003). Nursing Theory links nursing knowledge to research and nursing practice. Dennis (1997) defines nursing theory as "a set of concepts and propositions derived from philosophical beliefs about the phenomena of interest to the discipline; relationships between concepts and propositions of a nursing theory purport to describe and explain characteristic phenomena of interest to nursing". (Dennis,1997 p.2). Nursing history is laced with nurses who have developed theories to explain nursing. Florence Nightingale is considered the first theorist and nurse researcher. Her principles of pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, light, proper nutrition, and rest were necessary elements to prevent spread of disease and maintain good health. Her precepts formed the basis of education for nurses during this time period. The 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970 saw the emergence of nurse researchers who sought to answer the questions pertaining to the role of the nurse and patient - nurse interaction. During this period, nurses developed nursing theories derived from the fields of sociology, and education. (Kukkala and Munnukka, 1994). Prominent figures were Hildegarde Peplau, who was concerned about developing interpersonal interaction between patient and nurse. Virginia Henderson focused on assisting the patient to gain independence. Faye Abdellah concentrated on delivering holistic nursing care Dorothea Orem focused on assisting the patient to attain self-care. These women set the path for the knowledge and theoretical base of the nursing profession. The National Center for Nursing Research, established in

Inventory System Essay Example for Free

Inventory System Essay The need for computerized system in our modern time, especially on the field of business is undeniable. The manual process in a business may be the cause of poor services, unorganized data or unreliable security. In this documentation, the big differences of a manual process to a computerized system will be manifest beyond the following chapters. Â  The researcher, propose a computerized system to the company of I.T Mechanics. Even though they have a point of sale they don’t have a computerized system when it comes to their inventory. The proposed system, are efficient in tracking the movement of the inventory, secure all the data from any possibilities to misplace it and providing reliable reports that are easy to generate and understand It will help the company to manage the business in terms of inventory management system. The importance of Information Technology in this project is well known. Information Technology helps the students as well as the teachers in studying the course material easily because of fast access. Studying the subjects with the help of online libraries and dictionaries has made grasping and increasing the knowledge easy for the students. Information technology is also useful in terms of business. There are many businesses, which are in need of the software packages for satisfying their operational as well as functional needs. For fulfilling this requirement, these companies sign deals with the software manufacturing companies. 1.1 Project Overview The project is tending to change the manual system of I.T Mechanics when it comes on their inventory system that results to their poor inventory process and time wasting data storage, for better storage of data. Our system will provide I.T Mechanics a quality in terms of inventory system. Our inventory system is a friendly user program, has a high security system and a good interface with special features like calendar, calculator for the computations and time. Our system will automatically track the numbers of raw material after the transaction with the customer. So that the employees will easily know the current numbers of raw material and it will warn them for any demand or re-ordering of apply. 1.2 Project Scope and Limitation and Features SCOPE * Has a sale reports, daily, weekly and monthly * Has a high security features * Our system will; automatically track the numbers of raw materials after the transaction with the customer. Limitation * Inventory management is not necessarily simple or easy to learn, A company’s management team must dedicate a certain amount of time to learning a new system, Including its software and hardware, In order to put it to use. * Our system exclusively for IT mechanics company only. 1.3 Project Objectives * The proposed system is the inventory System w/ point of sale that can replace, handle and manage easier the manual inventory managing system of IT Mechanics. * To develop a system that can secure all the transaction record of the company * To develop a database for the customer service and products to reduce wasting time of transaction. 1.4 Time to be spent on the project * We’re already to spend a lot of time not only to a minimum total of 162 Hours required of school for report writing and for the preparation of this project, much early time to be done much better, until we meet the submission and deadlines. 1.5 Selecting a project * We choose this system because we are familiar to the processes of this system, And it will not be difficult for use to make a change in our system if it is needed and also we can put some features if our client want. 1.6 Project Adviser * Our project adviser Mr. Billy Tierra, We decided to choose him because he was graduated from PUP as Bachelor Science of Information Technology and work as professor in Bestlink college of the Philippines, he has experience as personal programmer in private company. We think about him, he should be able to handle and can help us to our project proposal.

The Purchasing Function Business Essay

The Purchasing Function Business Essay The purchasing function is described by Lysons and Gillingham (2003) as a function with resource to procure supplies. It is usually argued that the purchasing function is not strategically important to enable organisations to gain competitive advantage. Carr and Pearson (2002) described nonstrategic purchasing as a function that is clerical in nature, reactive to other functions and focusing on short-term issues. Ramsay and Croom (2008) on the other hand saw purchasing as a strategic function that contributes to the overall organisational competitive advantage. But Reck and Long in Carr and Pearson (2002) argues that purchasing function of a firm can operate between strategic and nonstrategic levels within an organisation. There is now a question as to whether purchasing should still be considering the nonstrategic role of the purchasing function. This paper will be looking the role of purchasing that make makes it strategic and how purchasing function is strategically important in g aining competitive advantage for the organisation with the aid of model and tools/techniques for purchasing. Purchasing is usually defined as obtaining the right quality material, at the right time, in the right quantity, from the right source, at the right place (Lysons and Gillingham 2003; Baily et al. 1998). Van Weele (2005) also defined purchasing as the management of the companys external supply of goods, services, capabilities necessary for running, maintaining and managing the companys primary and support activities is secured at the most favourable conditions. Although, there is no agreed definition of purchasing from literature, these definitions indicate that there is need for supply requiring to determination of specifications, supply continuity by choosing a suitable supplier, efficient buying (worth the value), and relationship to ensure supply at the right time to manage inventory and monitor efficiency of suppliers thereby defining the purchasing function. Many authors in the literature have identified the developments in purchasing. Reck and Long in Lysons and Gillingham 2003 identified that purchasing passes through stages from passive (no strategic direction and supplier selection based on price and availability), independent (purchasing having functional efficiency with no regards to firms competitive strategy), supportive (supports the corporate strategy with regards to the competitive objective) to integrative (full integration of purchasing strategy into the firms corporate strategy) stages to become a competitive weapon for an organisation. Van Weele (2005) also identified that need for reduced costs, product standardisation, innovation, stock reduction, increase flexibility, and purchasing synergies can improve an organisations competitive position. In addition, changes in trade pattern, customer demands, technology, competitor activity in the have wider business context has affected the development of purchasing. An indicatio n of this is that an increase the importance of purchasing gives the organisation the capability to satisfy its customers needs by focusing on activities that ensures quality products of good values are produced in line with the organisations competitive strategy. Carr and Smeltzer (1997) were able to make a distinction between purchasing strategy and strategic purchasing. Defining purchasing strategy as the specific actions the purchasing function may take to achieve its objectives. While strategic purchasing was defined as the process of planning, evaluating, implementing, and controlling strategies the purchasing follows. It is gathered from these definitions that the actions of the strategy of the purchasing function must be in line with the overall corporate strategy of the organisation be it cost or differentiation as identified by Porter (1985) and that the strategic purchasing must be able to direct the purchasing functions to ensure that the long-term goals are achieved and the organisation remains competitive. Although, there may be nonstrategic purchasing functions due to the low status and spend of the organisation (Carr and Pearson 2002), strategic purchasing functions must be given top management consideration as it is proactivel y involved achieving the firms goals and adding value to the organisation. However, this may only happen when the purchasing function is integrated into the firms strategic planning process and is thought of as important to achieve and maintain a sustainable competitive advantage as concluded by Goh, Lau and Neo (1999). Strategic purchasing has been seen by many authors as impacting firm performance, especially in relation to supplier involvement. It was argued by Chen, Paulraj and Lado (2004) that strategic purchasing gives a competitive advantage by fostering closer working relationships with a limited number of suppliers; promote open communication among supply-chain partners; develop long-term strategic relationship orientation to achieve mutual gains. Carr and Pearson (2002) also argued importance of purchasing to new product development as regards to selecting qualified suppliers as well as the involvement for product development while McGinnis and Vallopra (1999) argued that purchasing and supplier involvement contributes to higher product quality, achievement of cost objectives, and reduce new product time-to-market. Also Brookshaw and Terziovski (1997); Krause, Pagell and Curkovic (2001) were able to argue that strategic purchasing is capable of retaining a firm competitive priorities of qu ality, cost, delivery, reliability through the relationship with suppliers In other words, strategic purchasing with regards suppliers involvement can improve an organisations performance and customer responsiveness if involved in the planning process thereby increasing the firms profits while gaining competitive advantage. Increase in organisations costs spent on purchasing activities from external sources as identified by Ramsay and Croom (2008); Baily et al. (1998) indicates the need for reduction in direct materials cost and net capital employed by organisations. Purchasing is able to achieve these reductions with the use of purchasing policies like competitive bidding and collaboration with suppliers to make decisions that ensure quality and logistics arrangement thereby saving cost and adding to the organisations bottom line. Strategically placing purchasing in organisations decision making process gives it control on purchasing costs and ability to choose a supplier base that is competitive and better than competition. The need for strategic cost management and collaborative innovation and designs, which may require working with external supplier has made organisations rethink their position in the value system and has resulted in the business decision of automating or outsourcing non-critical functions leaving more strategic purchasing tasks. Outsourcing comes from a decision of an organisation to focus on its core activities (Van Weele 2005). This decision is reached when the organisation discovered that performing a function in-house can no longer be carried out competitively, so outsourcing the function to a more proactive organisation allows the advantage to be gained (Baily et al. 1998). In addition, it is not just enough to make outsourcing decisions, the selection of suppliers that will contribute to the organisational goals is critical. Before selecting suppliers, Gadde and HÃ ¥kansson (1994) argued that the purchasing strategy must be decided, be it single, parallel, multiple sourcing. But Svahn and Westerlund (2009) emphasised that the characteristics of the purchasing strategy, efficiency (cost-driven) or effectiveness (innovation and value-adding), affects supplier selection and way purchasing manages the relationship with suppliers in line with the organisations competitive strategy. Purchasing must be able to assess the capabilities of the suppliers through a series tools like e-procurement, purchasing portfolio management, collaborative tools to identify suppliers that can enable the firm gain competitive advantage. Drake and Lee (2008), through the use of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were able to emphasise the importance of aligning purchasing strategy with business strategy. They argued that purchasing through AHP is able to prioritise the importance of components for manufacturing or impact on the strategic priorities and that purchasing is able to ensure the uninterrupted flow of materials through selection of suppliers in such a way to meet the corporate strategy and competitive priorities (quality, cost, speed, flexibility) of the firm. Purchasing portfolio analysis suggested by Kraljic (1983) is an important model for strategic purchasing. Kraljic was able to argue that a firms supply strategy depends on two factors: profit impact and supply risk and with that identified 4 portfolio quadrants: strategic, leverage, bottleneck and routine. This model proposes that purchasing strategies must be chosen for each supplier. Van Weele (2005) also emphasised that a companys spend can be categorised using the 20:80 rule; which says 20 percent of suppliers provide 80 percent of supplies and evaluate suppliers according to priority. From these two views, purchasing must be able to identify the suppliers of critical to non-critical products and develop strategies that ensure minimal supply risk and increase buying power. Also, Baily et. Al (2005) suggested that tiering of suppliers can help identify important suppliers and improve partnership with them. Wagner and Johnson (2004) argued that carefully configured, developed, and managed supplier portfolio can contribute to the firms value creation and competitive advantage. At this point, purchasing must have a proactive approach to making sure that it identifies supplier that contributes to the organisation the competitive advantage needed. Another importance of purchasing especially when buying capital goods is that it focuses on total cost management. Most buying processes are usually based on the price as indicated by Baily et at. (1998); Van Weele (2005). Baily et at. (1998) sees purchasing as of strategic importance as it able to focus on the total acquisition cost than price and bears in mind the total cost of ownership of capital goods like cost of maintenance, spare parts in the long term. Purchasing is able to contribute to the specifications by informing to other functions of delivery reliability, assuring timely supply of necessary inputs to ensure that the initial purchase price alone is considered but rather the total lifetime cost of equipments are considered to make sure purchasing is adding value to the organisation by reducing cost over time. Again mutual relationship with suppliers can bring about cost, price reduction and ultimately cost transparency as supported by Lamming (1993). E-procurement is another strategic tool for purchasing that can contribute to competitive advantage due to its huge cost savings. William (2003) argued that E-procurement cuts across the whole purchasing process and helps facilitate early supplier involvement as well as minimise complexities and unnecessary costs as real-time information is shared between buyer and seller, it also gives top management visibility as they are concerned with the increased operational spend. E-procurement has contributed to the success of many organisations, for instance, Volvos supplier selection (Van Weele 2010) and Gap Inc. to reduce lead-time and overall operations of its retail channels (Demery 2006). Despite the benefits of e-procurement, if top management do not strategically initiate the need for e-procurement, the benefits of it giving an organisation competitive advantage are lost. Conversely, after much consideration of the importance of strategic purchasing to gain competitive advantage, it is necessary to focus on non-strategic purchasing and why it is seen as not important to gain competitive advantage. A nonstrategic purchasing function is task-oriented, while a strategic function makes business decisions as argued by Carr and Smeltzer (2000). Carr and Pearson (2002) also argue that non-strategic purchasing has no contribution to the long-term goals of the firm, are insignificant and of low status. Indeed, if top management of an organisation does not see the importance in the purchasing role in contributing to competitive advantage, it will continue to be seen as non-value adding and just focusing of activities that are non-critical to the successful functioning of the organisation. Altogether, the development in purchasing over time has shown that there is a need by organisations to incorporate into their corporate policies purchasing strategy. Strategic involvement of purchasing for the overall aim of controlling prices, reducing costs, managing supply proactively, and improving quality to successfully deliver goods and services that will satisfy the end-customers and enable the organisation gain sustainable competitive advantage is essential. CONCLUSION At the heart of conventional wisdom lies the argument that purchasing is not strategically important for the organisation to gain competitive advantage. This argument is seen as ungrounded due to the fact that purchasing is gaining importance within the academia and the business environment. The need for reduction of costs, improvement of value-added into the business, better bottom line has led to the improved relevance of purchasing to the performance of an organisation. Purchasing has over the years developed from non-strategic, transactional stage of procuring supplies to a strategic, integrated stage that focuses proactively on the total satisfaction of both internal and external customers of an organisation. Again, the change of purchasing to strategic purchasing, incorporating purchasing strategy into the corporate strategy, for achieving competitive advantage has changed the view of organisations and has led to a rethink of the organisations operation to decide the core compe tences and non-core competences and rather focus on the core ones and sources others from external sources. However, sourcing externally requires effective supplier relationship management. Purchasing in this aspect is able to select suppliers that with collaborate in meeting the organisations competitive strategy. Purchasing is also able to use tools and techniques like e-procurement and total cost of ownership approach along with their skills to manage purchasing costs and balance power and dependence between the company and supplier as well as work out strategies to use with different suppliers. Without giving a strategic importance of purchasing, an organisations opportunities of gain competitive advantage may be missed.

Functional areas of a business

Functional areas of a business Outcome 1 Avril Montgomery 1) Open System An open systems approach is a business approach that emphasizes commercially supported practices, products, specifications and standards. Motorola is an open system. Using this approach assists their long term success. They are able to produce an appropriate output as they know the importance of gaining input from their surroundings. As a global leader in a wide range of technologies, the most important aim of Motorola is to maintain their position. Motorola is knowledgeable to the fact that technology develops rapidly and in order to access these technologies customers will require the latest modern products. They aim to distinguish themselves from their competitors by creating cutting edge designs that meet the expectations of the customers. The launch of the worldwide marketing campaign Mobile Me which includes innovative design and wireless features has set them apart from their competitors. Their range of Bluetooth wireless devices enhances the mobile experience for customers. M otorola is aware of the effect mobile phones and other electronic products have on the environment. They apply technical skills to decrease negative effects to the environment at each stage of the product life cycle. One of their goals with regard to the environment is to produce products which contain minimal amounts of poisonous chemicals or to cut them out completely. 2) Structure During the 1980s, due to other mobile phone companies such as Nokia, Samsung and Sony creating strong competition, Motorola struggled to keep up. In order to reverse the slump in sales, top managers at Motorola decided to improve the quality. This change was needed due to global competitors and changing technology. The plan was to aim for zero defects in the production. Motorola implemented a system called Six Sigma. Six Sigma is a business management strategy which attempts to identify and eliminate the causes of defects and mistakes in the manufacture and business process. The program was stretched out from operations to the other functional areas sales and marketing, personnel and human resources. Reorganising into four business areas during 2005, allowed Motorola to improve their response to the needs of the customers and environmental changes that have taken place. As 58% of the companys total sales were made up from mobile devices, Motorola views this as a significant contributor to their organisation. 3) Organisational concepts Motorolas structure is based on their products, these are: Connected home solutions Connected home solutions Government and enterprise mobility solutions Networks Motorolas functional areas are: Research and development Sales and marketing Personnel and human resources Functional areas were set up by Motorola to support the product areas. Marketing is a very important area as the views of customers can be obtained to determine what they want. It is essential for the marketing and the research and development areas to work together to meet the needs of the customers. Technology is always advancing which means that the research and development area must stay ahead to include these advances in their design. To adjust to environmental changes, it is necessary for all functional areas to work together. 4) Advantages of Motorolas structure Continual development of knowledge in dealing with Motorolas complex products The structure allows Motorola to react quickly to environmental changes. This allows the company to respond to technological change. This form of structure allows Motorola to be extremely client orientated Disadvantages of Motorolas structure As the emphasis is the product, Motorola may have a problem of coordination They may be an apparent redundancy of effort and not much cooperation between product areas Managers may focus on their line of work to the disadvantage of the company as a whole. 5) Internal stakeholder Motorolas business unit is managed by Ronald Garriques. He is responsible for the mobile devices business unit and has the authority to guide the business unit for defining the strategy for mobile devices. He must guide the mobile device business to succeed otherwise he will be responsible for any failure and have to accept that responsibility. He has authority in the organisations formal structure. In terms of the informal structure of the organisation however, his authority is limited as this is normally governed by a group of individuals. His power could be undermined by the group of individuals, which could perhaps be detrimental to the business. External stakeholder Greenpeace is a worldwide campaigning organisation that acts to change attitudes and behaviour, to protect and conserve the environment. As an external stakeholder in Motorola they could have a big effect on the formal structure of Motorola. Although Greenpeace have no power in the formal organisation, they have influenced Motorolas behaviour in terms of the environment as Motorola have a policy and commitment regarding this issue. They can exert some degree of authority, by persuading Motorola to train their staff on environmental issues and getting them to have an environmental policy. Through education programmes, they have the power to influence groups of individuals, making them aware of the harmful effects that the substances in mobile devices has on the environment.

Predators And Ecosystem Management :: essays research papers fc

Predators and Ecosystem Management Natural Resources Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Predators have an everlasting effect on different kinds of ecosystems. They influence there ecosystems by controlling the abundance of lower species certain habitats. In this article, â€Å"Predators and Ecosystem Management† by (James A. Estes). He explains results of case studies that indicate important ecological roles for predators in a huge coastal ecosystem. The main challenge in this article is to determine if there are recurrent patterns else where in nature and to also understand when and where they occur.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author gives his perspective on predators and the coastal ecosystems by giving us a living example, the sea otter and the kelp forests. The relation between the sea otters and the kelp-forests was provided because of a accident of history, the over-exploitation of sea otters in the Pacific maritime fur trade. The study compared areas where sea otters were abundant with nearby areas to area's where they're almost extinct. By doing this comparison of the sea otters coastal system it was possible to gain much insight into the sea otter ecological role in kelp-forest ecosystem. Over the years it's been possible for us to observe the kelp-forest ecosystem over-time, thanks to the massive growth of the sea otters population we observed the change from otter- free to otter-dominated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article relates to many aspects of our textbook. On page 89 in chapter 5 the text explains what an ecosystem is, defined by the book, it's a community of species interacting with one another where there is a non-living environment. In this case the otter and kelp-forests ecosystems a coastal ecosystem. As mentioned in the book, the food chain is involved in the sequence of events with the organism that are the source of the food. In a survey of coastal habitats in many areas of the North Pacific Ocean have revealed that kelp forests usually are extensively deforested where sea otters are absent whereas this condition is rare where occur ( Estes and Duggins 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All ecosystem management has recently emerged as the main way of

The Numerberg Trials: A Victors Justice :: essays research papers fc

The Numerberg Trials Were Unfair   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After World War II, the victorious Allies decided to hold a trial for the defeated Nazis. These trials lasted from November 20, 1945 till October 1, 1946. Although the victors claimed that they would give the accused a fair trial, upon closer inspection we can see that in reality, these trials were biased and were a â€Å"victor’s justice.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the war, each of the Allies leaders had their own idea for how they should deal with the Nazi’s. Stalin suggested that they should have trials, but here everyone is guilty and afterwards is shot. What then would be the point of having a trial then? It would just appear as a ‘play’ before they would perform their actual intentions. He may have suggested this also so that he could say that they were fair because they gave them a trial-but what sort of trial? Churchill even said that they should just be lined up and shot. If the leaders of the Allies were saying such things, how could we even expect the trials to be unbiased then? Each allied country had its own persecutors. All the judges at the trials came from the victorious countries as well. Most of the judges were American or Russian.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the trials, the Americans put American justice over International Justice. It was wrong and unfair however to do such a thing because those who were guilty didn’t even come from the United States? Since the trials were supposed to be international in scope, they shouldn’t be following the justice of one country, but rather international justice. Although the Americans were applying â€Å"American justice† to the trials, they didn’t even follow their constitution while doing so. The US constitution states that laws cannot be made post-facto, but in Nuremberg, they created these laws (for example, crimes against humanity, and waging aggressive war) after the Germans had â€Å"committed† them. It is wrong however to charge defendants with crimes that didn’t exist in anyone’s books at the time they were committed. Although some might say that these crimes are â€Å"common knowledge,† they may in fact be on ly common knowledge to you. Not everyone in the world views things in the same way you might. John F. Kennedy even said about the Nuremberg trials that â€Å"The Constitution was not a collection of loosely given political promises subject to broad interpretation. It was not a list of pleasing platitudes to be set lightly aside when expediency required it†¦[and] discard these Constitutional precepts in order to punish a vanquished enemy.