Significance Of The Mediator Find Consensus In Conflict Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1649 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? This article examines the significance of the mediator in conflict. Mediation is a process of conflict analysis or conflict management which involves a specially-trained third party the mediator helping people in a dispute to attempt to discuss their situation and resolve it together (Capelos and Smilovitz, 2008). Mediation can happen at many levels, it is based on a third party to try to be an important ingredient of social change aimed at achieving greater harmony and equity between individuals and groups, both within and between societies (Ronald, 2001). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Significance Of The Mediator Find Consensus In Conflict Law Essay" essay for you Create order In this article, the first aim is to represent the role of the mediator and the importance of the mediator. Then the second part is related to the parties in conflict and the behaviors of them. The third part is talked about the consensus in conflict. The fourth part show how the mediation works in conflict and the process, problems, techniques and benefits of the mediation. The last part is the conclusion of this paper. The mediators help the parties in their negotiations by facilitating a fair process which results in the disputing parties voluntarily reaching a mutually agreeable settlement. The mediator is not a judge and they do not have the right to make decisions or impose solutions on the dispute. The role of the mediator is completely different from that of a judge or an arbitrator. (James G. Zack Jr, 2000). The mediators do not simply listen to the negotiations and write down the words of solutions. In nature, a mediator can be called as a negotiation facilitator. As a neutral negotiation facilitator, the responsibility of a mediator is to offer a comfort environment for the parties to express their points of view, make clear misunderstandings, explore possible solutions and assist the parties to reach an acceptable settlement. The mediator must collect any information regarded as necessary to assist the negotiation process and must drive a solution which satisfies each agent (Benisch and Sadeh, 2005). The mediator is the core part in the mediation process. Without the mediator it is like that the opponent parties are still in dispute with disorder or at a loss what to do. The mediator can give the parties the possible to reach satisfied resolution they want. With the help of the mediator, people can keep control over the resolution of their dispute. An effective mediator has strong inter-personal skills and are adept .in forming quick relationship of trust and understanding with all the parties involved in dispute (Richbell, 2002). In com mon, parties are unfamiiliar with the mediator they chosen. As a mediator, it is necessary to establish trust from their agents quickly then they can build good relationship. In order to build a good relationship with the agents, a mediator should demonstrate that he has empathy with them (Richbell, 2002). The Parties The parties can help the mediator understand the interests of them. The motivation of the parties to seek help from a mediator is rooted in self-interest (Giessmann and Wils, 2009). The mediator needs to know these internets and understand the internets are different between the parties. The parties can not control the mediator, so they often expect the mediator can be fair and responsive during the mediation process. The reactions of the parties to conflict are often different. During the process of mediation the mediator should need to underscores the need of both sides of the parties and put equal effort into understanding their interests. The attitude of one party may be suspicious and unreliable to the other. Goal of one party is to win and for the other to lose. If the power is balanced in conflict, one party may hope to get the run upon; if the power is unequal, the stronger party will hope to dominate the weaker one. Parties are also inclined to assume that any misjudgments on their parties are set up and emphasize the difference between each other verbally or mentally. It is hard to deal with a problem when people are misunderstanding each other, being angry and thinking respectively (Doye et al, 2010). For example, in the conflict from a community organization and a church is related to a dispute about whether leasing buildings to mental health organization in community, people from different parties hold different opinions to each other. The community organization thinks people with mental problems will bring security leaks to the nearby residents. This opinion comes from that people often have a bad impression of mental patients. The church argues that the residents opposite to the church are selfish and their faith is different. Both sides think on their own side. The relationship of them is entangled in discussion of the problem. So, they need a mediator to help them reach a satisfied solution. The Consensus A successful conclusion of a mediation process should be ended in a satisfied agreement through the mediator. The purpose of mediation is to locate issues, clear misunderstandings, find solutions, and negotiate settlement. The mediator should assist the process of negotiation conducted in a collaborative way not a competitive one. Competitive negotiation is a process of win-lose dispute with deadlock as the outcome of negotiation. Collaborative negotiation is a process of win-win dispute with the consensus as the outcome of negotiation. The purpose of people finding help from a mediator should be to settle problems constructively and satisfy the needs of both sides. Decisions of parties may be changed at the end of the mediation because all potential settlements can turn out after mediation. In order to reach an agreement during negotiation, parties may need to make concessions so long as their interests are ensured. For reaching the consensus, mediators should assist the parties t o reconcile their interests or their positions. In the example of community organization and church, the outcome of their dispute may guarantee their interests finally, but both sides of them must have made an acceptable concession to the other. Effect of the mediator Mediation is an effective way for people to save money and time during dispute. Mediation is fair to the parties because the mediators are neutral third parties who do not get interest from the outcome. It is also a confidential process due to the information are not tape-recorded or transcribed. Most important, mediation can avoid lengthy and unnecessary litigation. Mediation offers a setting different from litigation and creates a chance for the parties to participate in the solution of their dispute (Margulies, 2002). The key feature of mediation is that it is private. This enables the parties to talk honestly and about their opinions and opinions on the other parties. The mediator is neutral so that the interest of mediation focuses on helping the parties to reach the settlement of their dispute, by creating a right atmosphere, asking the right questions and building the relationship with trust. During the process of mediation, mediators try to make people trust them and the opponent parties. Building trust is a complex process. People are often unfamiliar with their allocated mediator so different people vary in their willingness to trust their mediator. The mediators often have some personal qualities to promote trust between them and the parties effectively. Besides, mediators also ensure that the parties also have strong faith on the mediation process. Finally, the mediators also try to make the parties trust each other. The more the parties trust each other the more they will devote themselves to promote dispute settlement (George, 2005). An effective mediator of dispute dose not need to be a professional lawyer, but it is necessary for him to have strong inter-personal skills and the ability to form quick relationships of trust with clients. Building a good relationship with parties makes mediators must have some key skills and techniques to be effective. In mediation, mediators often use many methods and techniques to facilitate communication and reconciliation. First, a mediator should be ready to listen to what the parties want to say without interrupting or judgments. During listening, a mediator needs to collect information and encourage people to state all their opinions (Richbell, 2002). The mediator should listen quietly without response until the speakers have had nothing to say. Emotion may be more important than words sometime, especially in a bitter dispute. So, listening can also make mediators understand their perception and feel the emotions of people. The mediators should also avoid reacting to emotional outburst, as it may lead to arguments during the negotiation (Doye et al, 2010). Second, the mediator should keep harmony with the parties. An effective mediator often creates an atmosphere which is comfortable and stress-free to the parties, shows interest and respects to the individuals of the parties by ensuring his or her behaviours are in harmony. Then the mediators also should have the ability to as k effective questions. Best questions are simple and short and useful in gathering information. Next, summarizing is also a valuable method for mediators. Through summarizing, mediators can check their understanding of the parties, find the key issues, change the direction of conversation, and save time. After summarizing, mediators often reframe the statements of parties for reducing unnecessary misunderstanding of the parties. All these skills are committed to avoiding blockages during the course of the mediation. Conclusion Mediation is an effective process for people to save money and time in conflict. Mediation is an essential way for assisting negotiation. When the direct negotiation between the parties breaks down, the best opinion is to find a neutral third party the mediator. Mediation is effective because the mediator is a assistant who is appointed to help the parties solve their dispute, but who dose not get interests from the outcome. Mediation is also called Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) because it is a cost-efficient and faithful tool to the traditional methods like litigation and arbitration. Even not every case of mediation work, it remains an effective method for parties to take for avoiding a long and expensive process of settling dispute.

Shakespeare s Hamlet - External And Internal Conflict

On the journey through life, there are encounters with various incidents and situations where one must act accordingly. In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character Hamlet must deal with both external and internal conflict. Hamlet encounters many struggles and does not know how to cope with all of them. By having so many corrupt people in his life, he feels isolated from everyone because he does not know who to trust anymore. A result from this isolation leads Hamlet into depression and forces more issues to occur. Both inward and outward conflicts are displayed in the play when, Hamlet struggles with suicidal thoughts, wants to kill King Claudius, and is distraught over his mother’s hasty marriage with his uncle Claudius. Hamlets contemplation of ending his life shows an inward conflict with himself. In his first soliloquy, he ponders suicide. To be, or not to be, that is the question: whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous f ortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing end them (iii.i. lines 57-61). Scene 5, Shakespeare). He ponders why he should live with all of this chaos but overcomes this internal conflict because he concludes that suicide is a sin. â€Å"O that this too sullied flesh would melt, Thaw and resolve itself into a dew, Or that the Everlasting had not fix d His canon gainst self-slaughter. O God! God!† (i.ii. lines 129-132). This soliloquy shows the reality of Hamlet s internalShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Shakespeare s King Lear, Hamlet, Othello And Macbeth1206 Words   |  5 PagesAchievement Standard 91478 Introduction Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor. 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Hamlet struggles with suicidal thoughts, wants to kill King Claudius, and is distraught over his mother’sRead MoreLiterary Scholarship And Criticism Of Shakespeare s The Invention Of The Human 1309 Words   |   6 PagesShakespeare critic and Harvard literature professor, Harold Bloom, asserts that Shakespeare is the metaphorical â€Å"inventor of man.† Bloom writes: The plays remain the outward limit of human achievement: aesthetically, cognitively, in certain ways morally, even spiritually. They abide beyond the end of the mind’s reach, we cannot catch up to them. Shakespeare will go on explaining us, in part because, he invented us† (pp. 19-20). Bloom’s audacious evaluation of Shakespeare has been echoed throughoutRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1470 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet was composed by William Shakespeare, first performed in July 1602 and first published in printed form in 1603. An inherent tension between confrontation and resolution is revealed through Hamlet’s characterisation within Shakespeare’s play. It is evident that there is a significant level of internal confliction that contributes to the amount of tension. Conflicted emotions, in relation to Hamlet’s morals and beliefs, cause a distinct increase in tension, yet recognition of ones human natureRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello 2012 Words   |  9 PagesPersuasive/ Argumentative Essay: CONFLICT IS INDISPENSABLE TO DRAMA. SHOW THAT HAMLET PRESENTS BOTH AN OUTWARD AND INWARD CONFLICT. Submitted By: Jessica Gnanayutham Submitted To: Christopher Premdas Submitted On: January 15, 2015 Course: ENG 4U1 â€Å"I think what makes people fascinating is conflict, its drama, it s the human condition. Nobody wants to watch perfection. - Nicolas Cage As written above Nicholas Cage states that conflict is a definite part of us, human beings. 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Hence, such thematic concerns of Struggle and Disillusionment are dramatically explored through elements of the dramatic form to impart an effect on the audience that allows the play to transcend contextual barriers

Language and Power Free Essays

Language is the medium of expression of human beings. Animals may have their own charter of language, but we hardly know about any, that too authorized. Even in our dreams we need the help of language to muse or soliloquize or interact with others. We will write a custom essay sample on Language and Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now Language, of course, varies with situations and contexts. It goes without saying that language has tremendous power to fit and necessarily mould itself according to the requirements of the given situation. At the dawn of civilization when man had yet to discover a language to communicate among themselves, the exchange of ideas and feelings hardly remained withdrawn. The sign language born out of gestures came to fill in the hiatus for a given period of time. Yet, the communication without language was lacking in that particular power. Thereafter with the invention of language, man felt comfortable to express his ideas, feelings, sentiments, emotions more effectively. Along with the advancement of language, man now knows the varied forms of its use in different contexts. Mostly, this exercise is not deliberate, but spontaneous. Language sometimes becomes extraneous in some relationships. It is learnt from authoritative sources that whenever Beckett used to meet Joyce at his residence the duo hardly talked to each other, rather felt the need of feeling each other silently. It is also known that sometimes Joyce spoke up breaking the ice, â€Å"How could the idealist Hume write a history?† Beckett’s reply used to come pat and dry, â€Å"A history of representation.† Such dry conversation can hardly certify any relationship   with deep roots. But in such cases silence has a tongue of its own. Language, no doubt, changes along with the context. Why not take a specific case of a man who has to play several roles at the same time? While, as a caring husband he coos sweet nothings into the ears of his once-upon-a time-lover wife, his language is driven by true heartfelt emotion, and naturally tends to be poetic. When the same man takes his subordinate in the office to task, he has the most harsh language that he hardly desists to utter and again when he is a loving ‘dad’ at home, the sweetness of his language can win any heart, can pacify the umbrage of any irate tiny tot! See him again as a responsible son of an incapacitated, wizened father and his soothing, caressing words will assuage any wound his once-doting father might have nursed! This is to show how a person automatically responds to a certain situation with his dynamic, protean language.   Language is like a river, it has ripples, it can change its course as and when required, topping all, it has tremendous power to influence, to move, to mesmerize. Are we not reminded of Milton’s Paradise Lost Book One, where infuriated, adamant Satan utters five powerful speeches to rouse the fallen angels in the Lake of Fire, in this context? How is the language of Satan here? Rabble-rousing, inspiring, fiery demagoguery! If Satan spoke in ordinary language asking them formally to get to their feet to wage war against God, would they be so surcharged with the fiery enthusiasm? As Satan thunders, â€Å" What though the field be lost All is not lost-the unconquerable will,/And study of revenge, immortal hate,/And courage never to submit or yield:/And what else not to be overcome?† When a political leader delivers a harangue, effective in rabble-rousing, it goes without saying that the speech is fiery, that is to say, imbued with an unseen force, that works wonder on the public, by and large. The effect ,otherwise, would have been drab, run-of –the-mill! Language has its own power to fit into any given situation successfully. If it had not been so, the volatility of language would stand questioned. That is why, it is rightly said that the situation moulds and demands the language. Take the case of the Professor in J.M.Coetzee’s Disgrace. After having emotional and physical relation with the girl, good enough to be   his own daughter, he feels remorseful, his words fail him. He is so repentant that he pays a visit to the girl’s family. He is such guilty in his own eyes that he does not defend himself when an Enquiry Commission is run in order to give him a chance to defend himself and absolve himself subsequently. He has no power or zeal to speak out in his own defense. Language has tremendous power to change the mind of a convict as we have seen in The Bishop’s Candlesticks. Bishop with his enthusing, assuaging, unctuous speech can dissuade the convict from pilfering the gold candlesticks. The words of the Christian Father are replete with affection, warmth. Such is the force of language that even an incorrigible convict can be brought to the path of virtues from that of vices and knavery. A doctor has the power of boosting up the mental strength of an ailing patient by his soothing, encouraging and positive words, a reassuring pat on the back and in most cases supported by proper treatment ,this contributes a lot in coming round of the patient. Kiran Bedi, the Indian I.P.S Officer has already proved that if the prisoners in a jail are given humane, compassionate treatment   they can easily and obviously change into better leaves. She experimented with the recidivists in Tihar jail, New Delhi, India, and reported of   favorable   results in almost cent percent cases. In lieu of harsh language they were treated with soft, friendly words. And, it brought back their lost self-respect and they began to teem with a new-found energy and confidence in themselves and their stigmatized lives. A successful lawyer with the force of language along with proper witness and evidence can make his client win the case. A teacher can hold the attention of the students day after day with his power of words, and of course, the content catered   interestingly.. The man who can fit his language into the demands of the situation successfully hardly loses the love of anybody. He is considered to be the ‘witty’ person around. Shakespeare’s Othello was an honest lover, an emotionally surcharged person, but his Iago was an ‘artist in crime’ not just for his sinister actions but for his witty, deliberately-contrived language that enabled himself to achieve his objective. In Macbeth, the three witches’ equivocal language veers the direction of the play, quite considerably. In King Lear ,too, Cordelia’s plain , un-ornamental, unexaggerated language did not go well with situation. The situation demanded a little more adulation from Cordelia. Only because of the lack of filigree in the language, she suffered throughout her life till she breathed her last! Thus,language has several shades of its own. Hundreds of situations demand hundreds of treatments and responses. When the subordinate employee approaches his boss for a leave of a couple of days for an immediate assignment, can he talk rudely? No, never. He has to keep his boss in good humor, so that his request may not be turned down in a jiffy. Man has to remain cautious about the use of language. Even a slip of tongue can end a husband-wife-bond of warmth and togetherness .Similarly a word of pride can trigger off an internecine war between two nations over years. No doubt, language can make or mar anything and everything. It is absolutely true!!          How to cite Language and Power, Essay examples

The Quest for the Ideal City From the 60’s Utopia to the Modern Eco

The Quest for the Ideal City: From the 60’s Utopia to the Modern Eco-City. Essay The quest for the ideal metropolis: from the 60’s Utopia to the modern eco-city. Abstraction: On an attempt to supply an reply to inquiry related to the sustainability of the new proposed eco-cities, this survey starts with a general treatment on the disfunctions and the environmental impact of the modern-day metropoliss. The construct of an â€Å"ideal city† has been the capable affair of airy designers of all times. This survey discusses first ideal metropolis theoretical accounts that appeared in the 1960ss and were proposed by innovator architectural squads of the times such as the Metabolists, Archigram and Superstudio. The chief traits of these tendencies and the accent they placed on issues related to the metropolis users ( inhabitants ) and the environments are presented. Then the survey focuses on modern-day illustrations of eco-cities, while an attempt is made to place similar traits in the metropolis theoretical accounts that were proposed in the 1960ss. Each discussed eco-city instance survey is compared against its equivalent of the 1960ss. Finally the survey closes with some general decisions with respect to the potency of the proposed eco-cities to turn to modern-day sustainability issues and the demands of the hereafter cities’ users. List of contents: Abstraction Introduction Environment-City-Man: fabulous, historical and theoretical mentions A modern reading of Plato’s cave fable: the terminal of semblances and the waking of the decennary of 1960. Bioclimatic design and viability Theories and considerations on the metropolis In hunt of the ideal metropolis: The hunt of the ideal metropolis: Definitions and historical mentions The ideal metropolis from the mid 20Thursdaycentury to today: Visions and considerations – Metabolists Archigram Superstudio, the hunts of the present Examples of ideal metropoliss: from the decennary of 1960 to the present Monumento Continuo and Logrovo Montecorvo eco metropolis 3.1.1.Monumento figured bass by Superstudio 3.1.2.Logrovo Montecorvo eco metropolis by Mvrdv A ; Gras 3.1.3.Comparison and correlativities 3.2The 12 ideal metropoliss and Masdar metropolis 3.2.1.12 Ideal metropoliss by Superstudio 3.2.2.Masdar metropolis by Foster and spouses 3.2.3.Comparison and correlativities 3.3Tokyo bay program and Brockholes sing Centre 3.3.1.Tokyo bay by Kenzo Tange 3.3.2.Brockholes sing Centre by Adam Khan designers 3.3.3.Comparison and correlativities 3.4Nakagin capsule tower, Walking metropolis and Dynamic tower 3.4.1.Nagakin capsule tower by Kisho Kurokawa 3.4.2.Walking metropolis by Archigram 3.4.3.Dynamic tower or Da Vinci tower by David Fisher 3.4.4.Comparison and correlativities Decision Bibliography List of illustrations Introduction: From the early 20Thursdaycentury and the first attempts of designers to contend the disfunctions of the metropolis, a figure of â€Å"treatments† and visions for an ideal environment have been suggested. Through a short hunt in relevant scientific articles and magazines, in newspapers and the web, you can detect a immense figure of new metropoliss that are designed from abrasion and are considered ideal. Most of them, if non all, are described as eco-cities, intending ecological friendly metropoliss that have the aspiration of giving the reply to the immense ecological job that the Earth is confronting. These towns bear names such as â€Å"the hereafter city† , â€Å"future eco-city† , â€Å"the foremost independent city† and â€Å"future sustainable eco-city† . Are these metropoliss after all the hereafter 1s? Furthermore, how necessary is for new metropoliss to be designed? Is planing a successful metropolis from abrasion feasible? Will the metropolis be appropriate for its citizens and will it be sustainable? Is the hereafter welcoming after all or is it endangering? These are some sensible inquiries ensuing after logical consideration. Before anyone attempts to reply these inquiries he must foremost try to specify some of the constituents that are needed to take into the either the success or the failure of these new metropoliss. In this effort a study in a general frame of contemplation refering the jobs that a metropolis is responsible for and concern the planet but besides the parametric quantities that concern the sustainability of a metropolis in a wider sense. A particular mention in the 1960-decade is being made, with groups such as the Metabolists, Archigram and Superstudio that are considered characteristic instances of future metropoliss proposals that besides appear a debatable relevancy every bit far as environmental jobs are concerned. Furthermore, looking up in matching proposals, concerns and visions of past coevalss, I try to happen common elements with modern tendencies but besides to understand better how relevant environmental concerns are incorporated in the new future eco-cities proposals. Through choosing proposals from 3 characteristic groups of 1960, an effort is being made in relevancy with modern illustrations from 3 metropolis classs: land based metropoliss, drifting metropoliss and perpendicular metropoliss. Possibly through this effort consequences will be made that will let us to understand if after all these are realistic future visions or merely deceptive photorealistic images. 1.Environment-City-Man: fabulous, historical and theoretical mentions A modern reading of Plato’s cave fable: the terminal of semblances and the waking of the decennary of 1960. â€Å"In a cave, beneath Earth, a group of people is chained in a manner that they can merely see the wall in forepart of them. They can non look back, neither left nor right. Although, behind them a fire is lighten. So whatever takes topographic point behind them is reflected in shadows on the wall in forepart of them. Because these people in all their lives the lone things they have seen are the shadows of things, they are under the feeling that the shadows they see on the wall are the existent 1s. If though one of the chained people in the cave manages to acquire free, acquire out of the cave, ascent above Earth and, under the sunshine and see the state of affairs he will understand the incorrect feeling that he was populating under when he was in the cave chained. He will comprehend so that his comrades that still are chained in the cave, still unrecorded under the same illusions† . Plato provides an account of the cave fable, stating that the 1 that frees himself is the philosopher that sees the animals and the thoughts themselves and non their contemplations. The chained people that live, without cognizing, in a bogus semblance and the ironss symbolize their senses that obliges them to detect the bogus contemplations of thoughts. Alternatively of their senses though, they must swear their head. The Great Gatsby symbolism. EssayThere were besides more official illustrations. Such were the squad X that was consisted of designers, who started inquiring and seeking a connexion between the natural construction of the metropolis and its societal map. Other groups of designers with radical work were the Archigram or Superstudio that talked non merely with designs but besides with texts, images and montages seeking to go through messages by back uping ( on occasion ) the technological motion. Until today the fury created by the environmental pollution is a critical political issue, a new topic for argument and a cause for activist manifestations. More and more people try to get away the cave and engage into who is responsible for the environmental devastation and seek to obtain steps for the protection of the environment, without ever holding successful and acceptable consequences. Bibliography: Cook Peter, Archigram, 1999, Archigram, Princeton Architectural Press, New York Eaton Ruth, 2002, Ideal Cities, Utopianism and the ( Un ) Built Environment, Thames A ; Hudson Ltd. , London Gargiani Roberto, Lampariello Beatrice, 2010, Superstudio, Gius. Laterza A ; Figli, Bari Green Jonathan, 1999, All Dressed Up, The 1960ss and the counterculture, Pilmico, London Kostof Spiro, 1999, The City Shaped, Thames A ; Hudson Ltd, London Raydan Dana A ; Melki Habib, 2005, PLEA, Environmental Sustainability, The challenge of Awareness in Developing Societies, NDU Press, Lebanon Tafuri Manfredo, 1976, Architecture and Utopia, Design and Capitalist Development, The MIT Press, London Rossi Aldo, 1982, Architecture of the City, The MIT Press, London Rogers Richard A ; Gumuchdjian Philip, 1997, Cities for a Small Planet, Faber and Faber Limited, London Vlastos Thanos, Milakis Dimitris, 2006, Urban Planning Vs Transport, From Declination to Divergence, Kontorousis, Athens List of illustrations: 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //c276521.r21.cf1.rackcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Floating-City-0-600294.jpg 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //faculty.winthrop.edu/oakesm/HMXP_Teacher_Training/Platocave.JPG 3. hypertext transfer protocol: //3.bp.blogspot.com/_Szh2h6ByHWw/S_6MqraIZDI/AAAAAAAAAA4/KnXC0lgeG_A/s320/industrialization.jpg 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //cdn.wiredimpact.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/human-and-robot-hand.jpg Literature Reappraisal: Architecture of the metropolis by Aldo Rossi: Aldo Rossi provides a deep new post-modern position of the metropolis as a diverse and corporate human effort that refutes Le Corbusier s position of the metropolis from the mere point of view of urban planning. He offers a different dimension to see a metropolis. Not merely from useful position like Le Corbusier s Radiant City, but from another dimension in a socio-historical position. Rossi thoughts about corporate memory, urban artefacts and the metropolis s permanency are really profound. Ideal metropoliss, Utopianism and the ( United Nations ) built environment: Ideal Cities presents a huge view crossing more than two millenary of efforts to contrive the perfect metropolis. Embracing architecture and town planning but besides art, literature, doctrine and political relations. The writer takes us through the fanciful environments of a broad assortment of controversial motions and figures, including Plato, Filtrete, Leonardo district attorney Vinci and many more. The book explores the ability of ideal metropoliss to excite contemplation and alteration, and suggests under what conditions they might go on to exert their critical map in relation to the urban environment of the hereafter. The ideal metropoliss exist for the most portion in the practical sphere of thoughts, steping the all right line between dream and incubus. While it is true that ill-famed efforts to traverse the boundary line to world have greatly discredited Utopianism, it is good to remember that a map of the universe that does non include Utopia is non deserving even peeking at . The metropolis shaped by Spiro Kostof: The City Shaped is full of a batch of interesting penetrations into how and why assorted contrivers ( public and private ) have chosen certain layouts for metropoliss, and how human forms of usage both are and are nt shaped by the signifiers those contrivers have tried to take for them. As an illustration, the grid form has been both praised and criticized for apparently contradictory things it either constrains human behaviour and forces them into lifeless, regimented order or it s an efficient, predictable substrate that encourages growing, simplifies transit, and democratizes the cityscape. Not that signifiers are wholly impersonal, but worlds are adaptable in contrast to animate beings, which is why our civic signifiers do nt play the same function that the honeycomb does to the hive. Kostof has a large array of illustrations of how apparently similar forms can ensue in really different cityscapes, in the same civilization and even in the s ame metropolis. Architecture and utopia by Manfredo Tafuri: the book is written in a neo- Marxist point of position and goes beyond architectural signifier into a wide apprehension of the relationship between architecture and society, of the designer to the work force and market place. It discusses the Garden metropoliss motion and the suburban developments it generated between several others and assesses the chances of socialist options. This writer gives a good account of how the enlightenment came to America through metropolis planning and architecture and besides manages to explicate the change of values through this procedure.

Highway Expansion This Is the Road to Arizona

Biography of John von Neumann †Computer Science Essay

Biography of John von Neumann – Computer Science Essay Free Online Research Papers Biography of John von Neumann Computer Science Essay John von Neumann, born Jnos von Neumann then later called Johnny in the United States. His father was named Max Neumann, a top banker and John was brought up living in Budapest where as a child he learned languages from the German and French tutors that were employed. Although the family was Jewish, his father did not observe the strict practice of Judaism and the household seemed to mix Jewish and Christian traditions In 1911 John entered school at the Lutheran Gymnasium. The school had a sturdy academic tradition. His math teacher quickly recognized von Neumanns intellect and he was given a scholarship. After World War I ended, a Communist government controlled Hungary for five months in 1919. The Neumann family fled to Austria because the wealthy came under fire. However, after one month, they returned to face their problems in Budapest. When the communist government failed, the fact that it had been largely made up of Jews meant that Jewish people were blamed. The fact that the Neumann family opposed the communist government did not keep them from being blamed as well. Von Neumann studied chemistry at the University of Berlin until 1923 when he went to Zurich. He attained outstanding results in the mathematics exams at the University of Budapest despite not attending any classes. In 1926, von Neumann received his diploma in chemical engineering from the Technische Hochschule in Zà ¼rich. Neumann married his fiancà ©e Marietta Kovesi before setting out for the United States in 1930. During the initial years that he was in the United States, von Neumann continued to go back to Europe during the summers. Until 1933 he still held academic positions in Germany but resigned these when the Nazis came to power. Von Neumann was one of the pioneers of computer science making important contributions to the development of logical design. He advanced the theory of cellular automata, supported the adoption of the bit as a measurement of computer memory, and solved problems in acquiring reliable answers from unreliable computer components. In 1955 President Eisenhower appointed him to the Atomic Energy Commission, and in 1956 he received the Enrico Fermi Award, knowing that he was terminally ill with cancer. John von Neumann played a key role in helping advance computers into what we know them as today, without his genius, computers would not play such an important role in our daily lives. Http://www.wikipedia.com/ http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/neumann.htm Research Papers on Biography of John von Neumann - Computer Science EssayAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeStandardized TestingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Never Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceHip-Hop is Art

Suitable alternative that addresses crime Term Paper

Suitable alternative that addresses crime - Term Paper Example Consequently, the mayor has commissioned the renovation of the correctional facilities in the city. He has sought the assistance of professionals in improving the conditions within the facilities. It is noticeable that the facilities in the city are ill equipped to serve the populace. Consequently, it is urgent to improve the conditions within the facilities. The authorities are expecting a surge in cases of crime in megacity due to the stagnation in economic growth. The mayor states that authorities will find it hard to deal with the situation because they are ill equipped to serve the needs of the population. Moreover, the rigidity of the jurisdictions in the city complicates the situation further. The facilities are undermanned, making it difficult for them to serve their purposes. Authorities need to tackle the circumstances prior to them becoming dire to accommodate the rise in the number of incarnates. The objective is to invent a suitable alternative that addresses crime in th e city. Consequently, the paper discusses the challenges that authorities face when dealing with cases of crime. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the functions of the correctional facility in addressing cases of crimes in the society. Lastly, the paper intends to discuss the relationship amid the rise in crime and the economic stability of the region. Under the stewardship of the mayor, the authorities are planning for the renovations at the facility. The mayor is collaborating with the commissioner of the facility in commissioning for the renovations of the facility.

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

International Management - Essay Example Given the fact that the company has somehow been left behind, in terms of revenue, by the various cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s in the market which are offering almost the same products at much lower prices. The author also showed that the company Starbucks must be able to reenergize, not only in the way it does business in the market, but also with their everyday business with people who comes into its coffee shops. The author stated that the coffee business is a crowded playing field in the sense that many food chains like McDonald’s and Dunkin Donuts (companies which don’t include coffees in their menus before) are now creating and selling their own posh coffee creations. Another reason for the need to reenergize the company is its declining reputation. According to the survey conducted by Schultz â€Å"the Starbucks experience has been significantly downgraded as a consequence of its rapid expansion.† The once hip vibe turned into â€Å"disparate markets,† even if compared amongst the Starbucks chain of coffee shops. Starbucks company should also focus on the way the company is connecting with its customers on a day to day basis. This entails the catering of coffee drinkers at the different times of day. It is also noticeable how high-tech Starbucks stores have been; but in some cases, the store must also give importance on creating an atmosphere conducive to fostering human interactions. The company’s strength lies in the fact that is a pioneer coffee shop in the industry. It has already established a name and a reputation amongst coffee drinkers as offering the best coffee concoction in the business. Experience is also one of the company’s strengths. As it had been in business for so many years, the company somehow knows the coffee market. In putting the phrase â€Å"refocus on the experience† on a different context, Starbuck company could reevaluate the years with which they have operated and compare it with

Ritz Carlton Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ritz Carlton - Case Study Example According to the hotels motto employees are considered as valuable and important as the customers they serve, "We are ladies and gentlemen serving ladies and gentlemen" (McDonald, 2004). The company believes that their employees are its greatest assets and should be treated as such. The hotel is very selective in hiring employees that they believe will be suitable for the job. They take in consideration the perspective employees personality and attitude rather than just hiring based on experience. This method allows the hotel to select employees that not only will provide excellent customer service but will also be happy with the job they are doing. According to a director of training at one the hotels locations, "If you want to achieve service excellence, you must select people who want to go with you" (Lampton, 2003). After they are hired, the hotel provides all employees with extensive training that prepares them to face any difficulties that they may encounter on the job. It is estimated that the Ritz-Carlton spends an average of $5000 training each new hire (McDonald, 2004). The secret to Ritz-Carlton's high employee retention rate is not high wages or perks. In fact, wages and benefits are equivalent to any other luxury hotel. The key to company's high retention rate is creating an environment in which employees feel that they are valued members of a dedicated team and are treated with respect. Employee birthdays are celebrated along with employment anniversaries (McDonald, 2004). Hotel leaders have high expectations from each staff member but do not expect them to perform tasks that they themselves cannot accomplish. Obviously, these methods are proving to be very effective since the annual employee turnover rate in Ritz-Carlton hotels is 25% while other luxury hotels have a rate of 44% (Lampton, 2003). Employees are involved in the process of change rather than having it forced upon them from hotel management. For example, at some hotel locations employees are videotaped performing everyday duties such as setting tables. Later, participating employees watch the videotape with management and discuss ways in which their service can be improved (Lampton, 2003). In addition, every employee has the power to spend up to $2,000 to resolve a guest's problem without having to ask management for approval. This hands on method results in a high employee satisfaction rate by giving employees more control over their profession and motivates them to do a better job by involving them directly in the change process (McDonald, 2004). The hotel has an open door policy when it comes to accessibility. Dissatisfied employees can easily talk to hotel managers about any problems that they may encounter on the job and ask for guidance. On a routine basis, employees are involved in 15-minute daily talks in which they discuss the core values of the hotel such as excellent customer service. This method enforces enthusiasm among the employees because they have a chance to share their work experiences with each other. The Ritz-Carlton is one of very few large companies that focuses attention on core values on a daily basis (McDonald, 2004). Although the hotel does an excellent job at making employees, feel valued and provides excellent training at times its methods can be a little

Muhammad Ali: A Biography

Muhammad Ali: A Biography Hard work and persistence are the magical words that lead to success and fame. A very good example is â€Å"Mohamed Ali Clay.† His name was â€Å"Cassius† before being a Muslim. Muhammad Ali built himself by himself until he became the most famous and richest boxer in the entire world. In 1940s, in Louisville, African Americans were separated from Whites. Black people were only permitted to sit in back rows of movie theatres and buses. Moreover, black children were separated from white children and they could not go to school together. Moreover, some of the restaurants would not allow blacks in. This system was called â€Å"segregation.† Louisville had two African American neighborhoods, east end (the California area), and west end (where the Clays lived). The clays were very poor. Their car was ten years old, their house always needed painting, the porch sagged, and whenever it rained, water entered the house from the roof. Cassius Marcellus, who was born on the 17th of January 1942, and Rudy his brother, were sharing the same pants and the same shirts. After a while, the Clays gave them a new shirt and new pants. Odessa Clay their mother, used to work at houses when her sons were young, and earned four dollars a day. She was very religious. Every Sunday sh e attended with her two sons Mount Zion Baptist church, where Cassius used to sing in the choir. Odessa taught Cassius to treat people kindly (Muhammed Ali, by Arlene Schhulmain, published 2005). In 1954, when Cassius was twelve, his father bought him a new bicycle for Christmas. A new bicycle was an enormous thing for them, because they were a poor family. One day, Cassius went to a show with his friend on his new bicycle. After the show was over, Cassius could not find his bike and he went to a police officer, who tried to help him but could not. Later on, Cassius found the thief and he hit him and then went to the officer and told him that he found the thief and he had beaten him up. That day was the birth of the champion! The police officer took him to a place for boxing, where he could learn boxing and told him â€Å"If you want to learn how to hit, learn boxing.† Joe Martin, who was a boxing coach, helped him to join his club ((Muhammed Ali, by Arlene Schhulmain, published 2005). One day Cassius saw his coach on a television show called â€Å"Tomorrows Champions†. When Cassius saw this show, he went to Joes gym and started to learn boxing. Cassius was very thin and weighed only eighty nine pounds. He did not have muscles, however he learned quickly because he had fast punches and fast feet and this was considered very good for a beginner. After six months of training at Martins gym, Martin finally told him that he would appear on the television show and he would fight a boy for a round for two minutes. When Cassius went, he won the match and it was the first success for him. Cassius was now on the way to becoming a champion. When he went home, he would hit the bullies who picked on him and his family, until they ran home with bloody noses. The people in the neighborhood called him the â€Å"king.† In 1995, Cassius was going to Duvalle High School to travel for competitions and learn more boxing. By 1960, he won six Kentucky Golden Gloves championships and two National Amateur Athletic Union (AAL) titles. At the time when Cassius was eighteen, he earned one hundred out of one hundred and eight Amateur Championships (The Greates t Muhammed Ali, by Walter Dean Myers, published 1996). Cassius then started to think about making a name for himself. He was thinking of becoming a pro player, but Martin convinced him to continue and attend the Olympics in order to become a pro player. In 1960, he won his first Olympics. This was in Rome and all people would shake hands with him. He felt very happy signing autographs for his fans. When Cassius went to Louisville, people were waiting for him and cheered for him, but in the United States he still didnt have all his rights. Cassius decided to turn pro and he went to find a sponsor. He chose the Louisville group, which was trying to find him a coach to teach him how to box like a professional. Cassius goals were to buy a new house for his parents and buy a new Cadillac for himself. He found a coach called Dundee, who trained him very well. After that, Cassius moved to Miami, Florida were Dundee trained his fighters. He lived in a small room with dirty windows and unpainted walls. In 1960, he had the first pro match with Tun ney Hunsaker. Everyone knew that Clay would win the match, and he really did win and received two thousand dollars (The Greatest Muhammed Ali, by Walter Dean Myers, published 1996). Cassius was the first one to enter the gym and the last one to leave. Many reporters and newspapers liked him for his funny jokes and his interesting quotes. In 1962, Clay faced a big challenge. There was a popular pro player, whose name was Archie Moore and who was forty nine years old. Clay was only twenty years old then. They played a match that ended for Clays victory. He became more popular and all pro fighters were curious to fight him. In 1963, Clay was to fight Doug Jones, and that match ended also for Clays victory but he won it in ten rounds! Clay had the biggest match of all held on 1964. He fought a champion who was 220 pounds of muscles! His name was Sonny Liston. Before entering the match, Clay was scared to death and doctors expected him to give up in the match. When he entered, he preformed very well in that he cut Liston, and it was the first time for Liston to be cut in a match. Liston had to take a medication to continue the match and the medication ended up on his gloves, so when Liston punched Clay in the face, Clay couldnt see because it was hurtinzg him so much. He washed his face with water and then continued the match and won. This made Clay more famous (www.answers.com/topic/muhammad_ali_boxer) and (The greatest Muhammed Ali, by Arlene Schulman, published 2005). At that time, Clay was attending the Nation of Islam group meetings secretly. He didnt want anyone to know because he could be sent out of boxing. After the match with Liston, he announced that he is a Muslim and he changed his name to â€Å"Muhammed Ali.† After that, he began to address the members of the Islam group and gave speeches for them. In 1964, Ali married Sonj Roi , who refused to wear Muslim dress, smoked cigarettes and went to nightclubs. He soon divorced her, and then married in 1967 a Muslim woman called Belinda. Ten years later â€Å"Maryum Ali† was born. In 1972, Ali opened a training camp at Deer Lake. Later in 1978, he went to the great fight with Leon Spinks, who won against Ali. After that, Ali demanded a re-match, trained for it and won. In 1979, Ali had two more girls named â€Å"Laila and Hana.† Ali was very proud of them (www.novaonline.nvc.edu/eli/evans/his135/events/ali98.htm). One day, Ali decided to retire, but this did not last long because he loved boxing. He came back to the ring stronger than ever. Unfortunately, after some time, he was beaten up by Larry Holmes, who erased Alis hopes of coming back to boxing. From that day, he insisted on retiring and became a very good coach, who trained children. You hear a lot now about his daughter, Laila Ali, who is following in her fathers footsteps (www.novaonline.nvc.edu/eli/evans/his135/events/ali98.htm). Obviously, Muhammed Ali Clays life story is very inspirational. It shows how ambition and hard work would take one to new worlds; worlds of success, wealth, achievement and fame. His strength, tolerance and persistence will always be a guide for many.

Physics of Lightning :: lightning physics

Lightning can be defined as a transient, high current electric discharge whose path length is generally measured in kilometers. Lightning occurs when some region of the atmosphere attains an electric charge sufficiently large that the electric fields associated with the charge cause electrical breakdown of the air. However lighting has been reported in snowstorms, sandstorms, in clouds over erupting volcanoes, and been reported to occur in the clear air. Such lightning can take place entirely within a cloud (intra cloud), between two clouds, between cloud and the earth, or between a cloud and the surrounding air. There really aren't differrent 'types' of lightning, almost all lightning discharges occur in basically the same way. However, varying conditions and situations that lightning occurs in make the flash look

Stanley Milgram experiment

Stanley Malaria experiment Could you deliver electroshocks to a person you do not know? In addition, having someone behind you coaxing you the whole way until you get to 450 volts? That was Stanley Amalgam's idea. He wanted to find out how obedient one could be if they were in a position to harm another human being with an administrator in the same room. The administrator would coax the men to administer electroshock to another human being, being unseen, until the learner stops screaming.How far could you go before topping yourself or killing another human being VIA electroshock? Summary of the study and how it was conducted In the sass's, Stanley Malaria conducted a study to see how far a person could go by shocking an unknown individual with heart problems. The study was to show if someone of authoritative position told an individual to deliver an electrical shock to another human being for being wrong on a question. Malaria put an ad into a newspaper that recruited close to 40 men and they were to be paid $4. 50 for their participation. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory at Yale University.There was the administrator, a teacher, and a learner. The teacher had an electroshock machine that went from 15 volts to 450 volts. When the teacher asked a question to the learner and the learner knew the answer there was to be no shock. When the learner got the question incorrect, the teacher would press the buttons in sequential order on the electroshock machine (which was already hooked up to the learner). This would then deliver a current of electroshock to the learner. This was to teach him no to get the questions incorrect. Each time the learner got the question wrong the voltage went up.The learner and teacher only saw each other once and that was before the test. The learner, after a few incorrect answers, started to kick, scream, and protesting the shocks that is being delivered to him. The teacher started to be concerned about the learner, but the adm inistrator would say, â€Å"Please continue† or â€Å"please go on†, â€Å"this experiment requires that you continue†, â€Å"It is absolutely essential that you continue†, muff have no other choice; you must go on. † (Fiske, 2010, Para. 50). What the teacher did not know was that the learner was not really being shocked.This was to see how far the teacher would go before calling t quits on the learner. The learner would be screaming and pleading for his life saying, â€Å"please no more, my heart cannot take it anymore, please stop. † After the 300- volt shock, the room went quite. The administrator told the teacher to take the silence as an incorrect answer and shock again. There still was no voice on the other side. The teacher fell silent and felt stressed and tension. An explanation of the study results: What happened? Were there any unexpected findings? What did the authors conclude? What did the results mean, and what are their implica tions?The results of he Amalgam's study was found to be shocking and appalling. â€Å"The core findings showed that 65% of participants progressed up the shock generator past Danger: Severe Shock to 450 volts labeled simply XX. Only 35% resisted† (Fiske, 2010, Para. 51). The breakdown of the 40 study participants, 26 delivered the maximum amount of shocks to the learner, while only 14 participants quit when the learner was screaming in pain. The majority of the teachers went to the maximum amount of voltage due to the administrator telling them to keep going with the experiment.There was not any unexpected finding with the Amalgam's experiment. However, the numbers for those who went all the way was extremely high. â€Å"Malaria later surveyed the participants and found that 84% were glad to have participated, while only 1% regretted their involvement† (Cherry, n. D. , Para. 10). Malaria concluded that people will comply with orders either out of fear or to cooperate e ven when they are scared or know better. Those who complied through the duration of the experiment struggled with power. Those who participated in the study felt coerced by the administrator. They felt guilt, remorse, and anxiety.If a person of power says meeting is okay, majority of individuals that will continue will be few, but the show will go on. The results from Amalgam's experiment meant that most individuals put into a stressful situation as so; they comply and obey with orders. The select few that did not comply, knew when it was time to stop. They had more of a conscious to stop then to â€Å"kill† a person by shocking them over questions. This study was all about power and obedience. Malaria expected most of the participants to stop when the learner was yelling and screaming in pain. However, that was not the case. After the study was over there was a debrief.The teacher finds out the learner is not injured. Most were relieved to find the learner alive and not hurt . The implications for the Amalgam's experiment are showing that of dangers and obedience. Amalgam's experiment is one of the most psychological studies. If the original variable is not the outcome, then it is time to take a step back and rulebook at the experiment. If the study was reproduced a second time and the same results occur, then that is the purpose of the study would be Justified. An explanation of how the concept situations applies to the study results Situations played a major role in the Amalgam's experiment.The circumstance that was around the teacher was the administrator that was in the same room as the teacher. The administrator was coxing the teacher to keep going even after the yells and screams for help. Most of the teachers went along with the plan even if personal ethics told them not to or to stop. This author believes that if there were not an administrator in the room with the teacher, they would not have gone as far as they did with the electroshock machin e. There were many mitigating circumstances as to why the teacher did not stop when they knew they should have.Do you think the study results might have been different if the participants were from a different cultural, ethnic, or gender group? How so? This author does not believe that the results would have differed if the participants were from different cultures, genders, or ethnic groups. This author saw an updated Amalgam's experiment with females and males and the females was Just as ruthless as the males were in 1960. This author believes that it does not matter where you are from or who you are, but rather what kind of conscious that individual has. Could you be cohered into shocking an individual who said he has a bad heart?That would stop many people, or would it? Do you think the results of the study are important and relevant to contemporary society? Explain This author believes that the results are important. This way when and if the study is conducted again, there is a basis to go by. Does this author believe the results are relevant to contemporary society? This author believes the results were relevant in sass's, but not today. Amalgam's views are out of today's ethical standards. Regardless if the learner was getting shocked or not, many questions still would surface. How would individuals act today?Would the number that takes it all the way be higher? Society would be interested, but not maybe people would report to the study. Conclusion The Malaria study did not go as planned and the results were unexpected. Malaria â€Å"The Malaria studies are a paradigm for understanding evil, but opinions differ as to whether the actual participants were necessarily behaving in an evil manner† (Fiske, 2010, Para. 63). Amalgam's experiment has become a topic in not only Psychology, but also other areas. His experiment has gone down in the books as one of the most studied topics.His experiment shows how obedience is dangerous in this case. The teach ers were being cohered by the administrator to keep going even while the learner was saying, â€Å"his heart hurt to stop. † Luckily, no one was harmed during this experiment and the individuals that went to 450-volts felt remorse.

Economic Woes Facing the US †Economics Research Paper (200 Level Course)

Economic Woes Facing the US – Economics Research Paper (200 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Economic Woes Facing the US Economics Research Paper(200 Level Course) The article talked in depth about economics woes facing the US right now. Bush’s plan seems to be a short term solution and they will further sink into a deficit. The Tax cuts instituted by president bush when he got into office in 2000 were mainly aimed at the few wealthy individuals who used some of the services that got lower taxes. Not all people have estates and dividend receipts. The taxes for such services were lowered and they only benefited a few people. Taxes on investments were lowered even though only a few rich individuals will benefit. The sudden increase in discretionary spending both on military and operations and new healthcare measures for the elderly have further sunk the budget into a deficits. The fact that the economy was experiencing a slow down cutting taxes seemed the obvious solution. But in the long run, lower taxes will just increase the deficits since spending is projected to increase dramatically with the expectations that baby boomers will start retiring. Overall the so-called initiatives instituted by President Bush are and will not help the country in the long run since government spending is rampant, the deficit has increased and government is still expanding instead of shrinking as promised. Research Papers on Economic Woes Facing the US - Economics Research Paper (200 Level Course)Never Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Twilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeOpen Architechture a white paper

Career Exploration plan Essay

Career Exploration plan Essay Career Exploration plan Essay Career Exploration Plan Section one: Career Interests Profiler My Career Interest Areas Description 1. Registered Nurse Provides medical care and treatment, educates patients about their conditions, and provides emotional support to patients and families. Works in hospitals, schools, clinics or community health centers. Works under the supervision of a physician or other specialist. Ect†¦ 2. Nursing Instructor/ Professor Teaches nursing students with a combination of classroom instruction and clinical training, Teaches academic subjects needed as the foundation for nursing, such as anatomy and chemistry, and also job skills required for direct patient care. Teaches at a college or in a hospital or other clinical settings. 3. Medical/ Clinical social worker Works with clients and family members to deal with difficult situations, and also to diagnose and treat emotional disorders and mental or behavioral problems. What careers are you most interested in researching further? I would like to be an Registered Nurse but not forever just to start out as the further my career as a Doctor. I think being an Registered Nurse will be right up my alley for what I want to pursue. What did you learn from completing the Career Interests Profiler? I learned a little bit more about a couple of careers, but I have my mind set on what I want to go to school for and I really don’t think ill be changing it at all. Section two: Career Interests Profiler My Job Market Research Results Categories Job One Job Two Job Three Career / Job Registered Nurse Nurse Practitioner Intensive / Critical Care Nurse Education level Bachelors Degree High school diploma

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Terrorism - Essay Example As explained earlier, Terrorism have different meanings in different societies, some regard terrorism as mere political assassinations, some consider it as religious and political terror. Some think this as mere killings by anti socials who are fighting for a lost cause as in the case of religious fundamentals. But all these thoughts point out the fact that terrorism just has no moral insights and thinking to support it. It is agreeable that the word terrorism has emerged from the word terror. Terror is denoted as a system or regime of terror. However single minded efforts other than group efforts that instigate terror in the minds of peace loving citizens can also be brought under this category. The definitions of terrorism related to terror has gained wide acceptance among our modern society. Today we all agree that terrorism is a type of negative attitude. The term is associated to any policy or regime that creates problems. While connecting each and every activity that causes fear in the minds of people with terrorism, it has to be noted that activities that are done to create panic just for the consideration of making fun cannot be depicted as pure terrorism. In the same way, saying that all activites that are done without any aim, cannot be labeled as terrorism is also not agreeable. No one can clearly say that all terrorists have definite aims. As pointed out in the beginning most of the terrorists are fighting for lost causes or causes that are totally rejected by the modern civilized society. Therefore how can we say that all terrorists’ activities have definite aim? Terrorism merely does not mean as engaging into violence directly but it also represents slow intimidation and persuasion to begin violent activities. Molding a person or group of persons to do anti social practices is also terrorism. Terrorism is a type of coercive

Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

2 - Essay Example However, Etzioni claims that these jobs do not provide educational advancement due to their highly structured nature (Etzioni 303). The jobs offer many skills without considering the length of time the employees need to acquire these skills. In addition, there are evidences of many students dropping out of schools to take up the low-skill jobs on full-time basis. Supporters of teen jobs claim that the jobs help poor performing students in academic and those from lower-class families get income and some training. However, Etzioni refutes the claim by arguing that the jobs only perpetuate the students’ unfortunate statuses. Many teens in these part-time jobs also work for too long, approximately 30 hours per week. Hence, they lack enough time to attend to their schoolwork. Others also claim that teen jobs offer an opportunity for teens to learn teamwork and work under supervision. However, they tend to teach the wrong kind of compliance. Furthermore, the control is tight and inappropriate because most places of work try to save on cost by employing teens instead of an adult figure in the supervising position (Etzioni 305). Thus, the teens cannot get a chance of learning from an elderly, more knowledgeable, and stricter supervisor. Consequently, inappropriate teen values dominate in these places, fueling degradation of values among young sters. Additionally, parents cannot precisely evaluate the money that the youths receive. In most cases, the teens channel most of their earnings to purchasing youthful status symbols that cannot contribute to any meaningful developments. Etzioni’s essay clearly reflects some of the experiences I went through in paid teenage jobs. Most teen employments only provide an opportunity for students to escape responsibilities and school to gratify their desire to embrace the American adult consumerism. In one of my junior years in high school, I Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11 2 - Essay Example On the other hand, Immanuel Kant developed the Kantian ethics which refers to deontological ethical theory that was developed as a result of enlightenment rationalism which looks at the intrinsic value of an act. If the act is intrinsically good, then it can be decided that the act has good will in it and it can be adopted as a good act. Kant developed categorical imperatives which are commands that determine the actions that will be accepted or rejected in a given societal set up. In deciding whether to do an action or not, one must decide whether anyone else will choose your line of thought if faced by a similar dilemma. If the choice would be different then the action should not be done. One should also ensure that the action done is in respect to human beings and not just self-centred. The two theories have a number of things in common. First they uphold doing what is good to humanity. Unitarianism ensures that one evaluates the magnitude of the consequences and whether the positive results will out-weigh the negative ones. Kantian ethics emphasizes on the need to do good to the society and doing the actions that are not self-centred. On the contrary the actions done should always reflect on the betterment of the whole societies’ living. This means that the two theories ensures that the actions that individuals will do in a given situation must be analysed well and if the consequences will be positive to the individual and the society then it should be done. For instance, our leaders are often faced with situations where they have to make decisions that can either be of benefit to themselves or the whole society. Being the lawmakers in parliament, they can use their mandated powers to draft laws that can increase their salaries and benefits at the expense of the tax-payers money. In such a situation the decision to do such an act should be driven by an evaluation of the

SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF ICT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF ICT - Assignment Example Therefore, this paper will discuss some important aspects regarding maintaining a secured network connection via virtual private networks. In essence, virtual private networks can be classified into two categories that are known as remote access and site-to-site. A remote access enables the user to access internet from a distant location (Hancock 30). A site-to-site VPN connection connects two sides of a private network. A good VPN must provide authentication, integrity, confidentiality, and anti-reply (Maiward 23). Authentication is vital security concern, and takes place at two levels known as machine-level and user-level (Hancock 243). Machine-level authentication is used for VPN connections during the establishment of IP-sec connection. User-level authentication takes place before data can be transferred through tunnel (Mairward 28). VPN Security is critical in many aspects because it has dramatically changed the way people conduct business. If an organization has users that are utilizing remote access, the risk of running into hackers poses a serious threat for a client. In order to remove this threat, using an ap plication such as MacAfee helps clients avoid malicious infiltration (Mairward 28). The traffic between Web browser and the VPN device is encrypted with SSL. Two types of main SSL VPNS are portal and tunnel. A SSL portal VPN secures multiple network services while a SSL tunnel VPN allows clients to access one or more VPN devices via the Web browser (â€Å"SSL VPN Security†). How do VPNs work? A standard VPN might have a main LAN at the head headquarters of an organization while the others LANs can be located at remote offices (â€Å"SSL VPN Security†). A VPN uses a public network, which is internet in most cases, and is necessary in order to connect to distant sites instead of using â€Å"leased lines†(â€Å"Virtual Private

Bank of Japan Essay Example for Free

Bank of Japan Essay Japan underwent a decade-long odyssey with deflation and the zero-bound problem. Economic activity in Japan slowed precipitously following the collapse of the socalled bubble economy in December 1989, and Japan began to experience deflation by early 1995. During this initial period, while the economy was slowing, forecasters and policymakers consistently underestimated the extent of Japan’s economic malaise. Consequently, while monetary policy seemed appropriate in terms of the prevailing outlook, the loosening proved woefully inadequate in hindsight. Convinced that Japan’s economic fundamentals were too severely distressed to be rectified with standard monetary policy measures, on March 19, 2001 the Bank of Japan announced a new policy of â€Å"quantitative easing†, in an attempt to stimulate the nation’s stagnant economy. Under this policy, the BOJ increased its current account target far beyond the level of commercial bank required reserves. This had the expected impact of reducing the already-low overnight call rate effectively to zero. In addition, the BOJ committed to maintain the policy until the core consumer price index registered â€Å"stably† a zero percent or an increase year on year. Such a policy was unprecedented in the history of central banking in any country. Available Choices and Key Decision On March 2006, which is five years after the â€Å"quantitative easing† policy embarked, the issue concern it was bring back to the desk. The Japanese economy was improving at that time and the core consumer price index (CPI) was showing steady growth after years of deflation, one of the predetermined conditions for lifting the policy. As such there was widespread speculation over the future of the policy. One question arisen: Would the current quantitative easing policy persist or would the BOJ return to a normal monetary stance that targeted interest rates? On March 9th 2006, the central bank made the widely expected decision to lift the quantitative easing policy. The BOJ also drew up a set of measures aimed at averting possible market turmoil that could result from lifting the policy. The exit from QF was announced as follows:â€Å" †¦ The outstanding balance of current accounts at the Bank of Japan will be reduced towards a level in line with required reserves. †¦ the reduction in current account balance is expected to be carried out over a period of a few months, taking full account of conditions in the short-term money market. The process will be managed through shot-term money market operations. With respect to the outright purchases of long-term interest-bearing Japanese government bonds, purchases will continue at the current amounts and frequency for some time.† Thus, the BOJ make it clear that the reduction of the excess reserves would be conducted through adjustments of its liquidity operations and not by a rapid reduction of its portfolio of Japanese government securities. In fact, the BOJ announced that it actually would maintain its outright purchases of long-term Japanese government bonds at the pace of 1.2 trillion yen per month. On the same day the BOJ made its decision, the Japan Investment Council, a ministerial-level panel chaired by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, agreed to set a target of doubling the amount of direct investment in Japan by overseas investors to 5% of gross domestic product over the next four years. Personal Decision and Reason Since the BOJ has supplied extremely ample liquidity with current account balance at the bank as the main operating target and the core consumer price index registered â€Å"stably† a zero percent or an increase year on year as the commitment has already been maintained, the exit from QE is preferred choice that BOJ should make. At that time, exports have continued to increase reflecting the expansion of overseas economies. With respect to domestic private demand, business-fixed investment has also continued to increase against the backdrop of high corporate profits. Meanwhile, the output gap is gradually narrowing. Unit labour costs generally face weakening downward pressures as wages began to rise amid productivity gains. Furthermore, firms and households are shifting up their expectations fro inflation. In this environment, year-on-year changes in the consumer price index are expected to remain positive. From all the aspects, BOJ had already fulfilled the commitment made when the quantitative easing started to carry out. Therefore, it was time for BOJ to return to a normal monetary stance that targeted interest rates. And the strategy BOJ used when exit from QE was preferred. The advantage was that the exit of QE was predominantly limited to just one item on the BOJ’s balance sheet and that the balance sheet adjustments were conducted through operations directly with the banking sector, which facilitated the management of the exit process. Since the central bank was set to maintain zero interest rates for some time, the exit from QE would avoid the undesirable effect of inducing the flow of individual investors’ duns into high-risk, high-return instruments and avoid the case rise to speculative money games played out in some corners of the real estate and stock markets. Last but not least, the process of exit from QE showed a collaborative relationship between BOJ and the government. It was a good example for BOJ to maintain a good communication with the government in order to avoid negligent lapses and avoid the distortion to the economy like which happened during the late 1980s due to the government’s excessive influence over monetary policy. This decision lead BOJ one step forward to bank’s autonomy from the state. All in all, the exit from QE in Japan had been considered a success and its experience may serve as a useful example for other central banks.

The Rehearsal On Stage by Edgar Degas Essay -- impressionist movement,

Impressionism can easily be viewed as a captivating and revolutionary art movement, which took place during the Nineteenth century in Europe. Artists of this era began to contend with newer technologies, like the camera, for it possessed the capability to seize a spontaneous moment in time. Impressionists wanted to do the same; they strived to paint the picture of a genuine moment happening in front of them. One famous artist of this time period was Edgar Degas . Degas’ The Rehearsal On Stage, created in1874, reflects the characteristics of the impressionism period style of art as well as Degas’ own personal artistic style. By combining these two influences, Degas was able to produce a painting, which could be used to evoke a feeling of physical, sexual, and moral tension while also depicting modern-day life. Degas’ particular work, The Rehearsal Onstage, was created using pastels over a brush and ink drawing on a thin woven paper canvas. In fact, there is the second painting of Degas’, nearly identical to the one mentioned previously. However, it is instead known as The Rehearsal of the Ballet Onstage. Both variants of the composition are owned by the Metropolitan Museum in New York City . In addition to these two works, Degas seemed to be particularly interested in the subject of ballet across many of his other works as well. He focused on elements such as its elegant scenery, costumes, and movements made by the dancers themselves. He was fascinated by the spontaneity of the performance and yet the amount of restraint that must be exercised by its participants at the same time. More often than not, Degas chose to recreate the ballerinas who were off guard. For example he chose to depicting them as they stood backstage in an ... ...stern perspective. Fourteenth ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2014. "Grover Art Online Degas, Edgar." Oxford Art Online. http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T021805?q=degas&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit (accessed April 21, 2014). "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History." Edgar Degas: The Rehearsal Onstage (29.100.39). http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/29.100.39 (accessed April 23, 2014). "History of Art:The Impressionism - Edgar Degas." History of Art:The Impressionism - Edgar Degas. http://www.all-art.org/history480-5.html (accessed April 23, 2014). "Impressionism artists." Impressionism. http://www.artinthepicture.com/styles/Impressionism/ (accessed April 23, 2014). "Read a Brooke!." : Formal Analysis of Degas. http://babblingbrook3.blogspot.com/2012/04/formal-analysis-of-degas.html (accessed April 23, 2014).

A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid Aim: To carry out a complete kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid: Equation: Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) PART A To deduce the order of the reaction with respect to the concentrations of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid the experiment will be carried out at constant temperature and the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate will be measured for a constant volume of solution that uses 3 varying concentrations of Na2S2O3(aq) while maintaining the concentration of HCl(aq) and 3 varying concentrations of HCl(aq) while maintaining the concentration of Na2S2O3(aq). The rate of the reaction can be determined by the calculating the amount of sulphur produced in the time recorded. This is given by the equation: Rate = Amount of sulphur Time The amount of sulphur needed to obscure the cross is assumed to be the same in each reaction so therefore, Rate = 1 Time Then, the data will be placed in a table to determine the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction and hence the order of both reactants can be formed. Adding up both orders of the reactants gives the overall order of the reaction. PART B To find out the effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate at five different temperatures must be recorded. A graph showing time taken vs. temperature will produce a curve showing the effect of varying temperature on the rate of reaction. The Arrhenius equation ln k = ln A – (Ea / RT) can be shown graphically by plotting a graph of ln (t) against ln (1/T). The gradient of this graph = - (Ea / RT) which can be used to calculate activation energy. The y-intercept of the line = ln A where A is the Arrhenius constant for the reaction. Hypothesis: The rate of a chemical reaction can be obtained by finding out the change in amount (or concentration) of a particular reactant or product over the time taken for this change. Many factors affect the rate of a reaction, one of which is concentration. For any reaction to happen, the reactant particles must first collide. This is true whether both particles are in solution, or whether one is in solution and the other is a solid. If the concentration is higher, there are more particles in the same volume A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid Aim: To carry out a complete kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid: Equation: Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) PART A To deduce the order of the reaction with respect to the concentrations of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid the experiment will be carried out at constant temperature and the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate will be measured for a constant volume of solution that uses 3 varying concentrations of Na2S2O3(aq) while maintaining the concentration of HCl(aq) and 3 varying concentrations of HCl(aq) while maintaining the concentration of Na2S2O3(aq). The rate of the reaction can be determined by the calculating the amount of sulphur produced in the time recorded. This is given by the equation: Rate = Amount of sulphur Time The amount of sulphur needed to obscure the cross is assumed to be the same in each reaction so therefore, Rate = 1 Time Then, the data will be placed in a table to determine the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction and hence the order of both reactants can be formed. Adding up both orders of the reactants gives the overall order of the reaction. PART B To find out the effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate at five different temperatures must be recorded. A graph showing time taken vs. temperature will produce a curve showing the effect of varying temperature on the rate of reaction. The Arrhenius equation ln k = ln A – (Ea / RT) can be shown graphically by plotting a graph of ln (t) against ln (1/T). The gradient of this graph = - (Ea / RT) which can be used to calculate activation energy. The y-intercept of the line = ln A where A is the Arrhenius constant for the reaction. Hypothesis: The rate of a chemical reaction can be obtained by finding out the change in amount (or concentration) of a particular reactant or product over the time taken for this change. Many factors affect the rate of a reaction, one of which is concentration. For any reaction to happen, the reactant particles must first collide. This is true whether both particles are in solution, or whether one is in solution and the other is a solid. If the concentration is higher, there are more particles in the same volume

Network Security Analysis Essay

This article is concerned about network security. It mentions about the present situation of network security and an analysis of the reason that lead to unsafe network environment. Then the article introduces two frequently used protocols in network security: HTTP (Hypertext Transport Protocol) and HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer), then compare them and give a brief conclusion. On the other side, the article introduces how firewall protects network security in hardware aspects. Keywords: Network; Security; Analysis; Countermeasures 1. Introduction As technology develops, network is getting more and more mature. It is known to all that security is the second step after that a successful network has been deployed. 1.1 Situation of Computer Network Security With the rapid development of the Internet and the widespread application, the number of computer viruses, Trojan horses is explosive growth. According to Jinshan drug gangsters â€Å"cloud security† center monitoring statistics show that in 2008, Jinshan drug gangsters were intercepted more and more new viruses, Trojans, which grew up 40% compared with 2007. The center statistics also show that 90% of the virus infected users, this attachment web pages that humans are enjoying the network information with the great wealth and convenient at the same time, also be the severe beset by problems of network information security. The lure of wealth that hackers attack is no longer a kind of personal interest, but more and more become an organized, interest driven career crime. Its main means has: online professor viruses, Trojan horses production technology and various network attack technology; Online exchange, trafficking and rental viruses, Trojan horses, zombie network; Online customized viruses, Trojan horses; Internet theft behavior (account Numbers game, bank accounts, QQ number, etc.), sell the trumpets; Internet fraud and extortion; Through the network business platform money laundering profit, etc. Attackers need technical level gradually decrease, means more flexible, joint attacks increase rapidly. Trojan viruses, Trojan virus writers, professional hack personnel, sales channels, professional players have been formed complete gray industrial chain. 1.2 Threats to Computer Network Security The threat to computer network security includes attacks by hackers and computer virus. It mostly presents in the following aspects. Firstly, send fake E-mails to users. It is a common way to cheat the account and password by posing as legitimate websites. Secondly, damage caused by viruses is also a common phenomenon. For e.g. when virus gets into computer, it will cover our hard disk with useless data. Thirdly, it’s about unauthorized accessing. This mainly refers to the normal use or oversteps their authority to use the network equipment and information resources. Fourthly, damage the integrity of the database. Fifthly, interfere with the normal running of the systems. Finally, communication lines are tapped and people are not familiar about safety of network security. The first situation doesn’t occur in common. However, awareness of maintain computer network security is really important. In the article, it mainly analyzes several common situations and introduces what the threat is and how it works. 1.3 Countermeasures of Network Security As network security has a lot of loopholes, people create a lot of methods to protect network. On the side of hardware, people begin to use firewall to protect network. On the side of software, a lot of tools and technologies have been used in this area, such as router filtering. The article introduces how firewall works and two similar protocols: HTTP and HTTPS. By comparing these two protocols, we will find the development of technology. 1.4 Importance of the Study of Network Security It’s important for securing ones computer, keeping important data and profile information protected. Careful web surfing habits may keep you from being a victim of virus attacks and malware, however this is an intensely risky activity and very often people may end up with an infected computer. Some good anti-virus programs will help to keep your computer protected and safe, but users must remember to keep this updated regularly for better protection over new viruses. 2. Related Work 2.1 Network Security Network security consists of the provisions and policies adopted by a network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible resources. Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, which is controlled by the network administrator. Users choose or are assigned an ID and password or other authenticating information that allows them access to information and programs within their authority. Network security covers a variety of computer networks, both public and private, that are used in everyday jobs conducting transactions and communications among businesses, government agencies and individuals. Networks can be private, such as within a company, and others which might be open to public access. Network security is involved in organizations, enterprises, and other types of institutions. It does as its title explains: It secures the network, as well as protecting and over seeing operations being done. The most common and simple way of protecting a network resource is by assigning it a unique name and a corresponding password. 2.2 ISO/OSI model The International Standards Organization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model defines seven layers of communications types, and the interfaces among them. (See Figure 1.) Each layer depends on the services provided by the layer below it, all the way down to the physical network hardware, such as the computer’s network interface card, and the wires that connect the cards together. People develop a lot of protocols to each layer. Such as PPTP/L2TP to linked layer, IPSEC to network layer, TLS/SSL to transfer layer. Each protocol includes security information that helps network transfer safer and safer. 2.3 IPV4 protocol The protocol contains a couple aspects which caused problems with its use. These problems do not all relate to security. They are mentioned to gain a comprehensive understanding of the internet protocol and its shortcomings. The causes of problems with the protocol are: 1. Address Space 2. Routing 3. Configuration 4. Security 5. Quality of Service The lack of embedded security within the IPv4 protocol has led to the many attacks seen today. Mechanisms to secure IPv4 do exist, but there are no requirements for their use. IPsec is a specific mechanism used to secure the protocol. IPsec secures the packet payloads by means of cryptography. IPsec provides the services of confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. This form of protection does not account for the skilled hacker who may be able to break the encryption method and obtain the key. 2.4 Types and Sources of Network Threats Denial-of-Service, unauthorized access, executing commands illicitly, confidentiality breaches and destructive behavior are common type of threats to network security. The sources of network threats include 3 aspects. Firstly, the invasion of bad information and pollution. Network is open, even borderless space information network of people in the rich cultural life, but also to the illegal dissemination of information or indecent information provided soil British Middlebury Seck Griffith University, Professor Di Mulai study found that in non-academic information on the Internet, 47% of pornography on These content without restriction for people feel free to browse, not only seriously jeopardize the health of young people, and poison the social atmosphere and hinder the building of a harmonious society in China. In addition, the network’s openness and freedom are often some criminals use, or dissemination of endangering national security, to subvert the government, disrupting social order and security of information, or information network organizing rallies and other anti-social activities. Secondly, Internet ‘hackers’ and computer crime. Hacker wanton rampage information networks, technology and the consequences of its invasion of escalating their use of technical means, or attacks on government sites or military organization’s Web site and endanger national security interests, undermine government image; or steal business, financial institutions, business information to profit illegally, endangering the economic order; or steal personal confidential information, violation of privacy or stolen cash. These acts seriously impede the normal operation of information networks. In addition to outside hackers the use of the Internet, the rampant crime and tort. The use of computer information network system to implement theft, fraud or corruption, embezzlement and other crimes than the traditional criminal methods and tools more subtle complexity, and violation of trade secrets with the network, electronic communications freedoms, civil Privacy and damage the reputation of others and other events are also frequent. Online pyramid schemes, online fraud, etc. These crimes have been on the network posed a serious threat to network security. Thirdly, the existence of their own network security vulnerabilities and risks. Freedom to share and open spirit of the Internet, but also the charm of the Internet The Internet is based on TCP / IP protocol, network devices, operating systems with networking capabilities and openness about the existence inherent vulnerability In addition, the software in the design, it is inevitable there are some defects or flaws, which has become a prime target for hackers, while software programmers deliberately left the ‘back door’ has become a major network security risks network These weaknesses of their own existence, to bring the work of anti-hacker considerable difficulty: on the one hand difficult for scientists to develop a common and effective network security for the protection of technical means on the other hand the lack of implementation of these measures sufficient to protect the social environment. 3. Methods 3.1 Analysis of Network Security System and network technology is a key technology for a wide variety of applications. Security is crucial to networks and applications. Although, network security is a critical requirement in emerging networks, there is a significant lack of security methods that can be easily implemented. There exists a â€Å"communication gap† between the developers of security technology and developers of networks. Network design is a well-developed process that is based on the Open Systems Interface (OSI) model. The OSI model has several advantages when designing networks. It offers modularity, flexibility, ease-of-use, and standardization of protocols. The protocols of different layers can be easily combined to create stacks which allow modular development. The implementation of individual layers can be changed later without making other adjustments, allowing flexibility in development. In contrast to network design, secure network design is not a well-developed process. There isn’t a methodology to manage the complexity of security requirements. Secure network design does not contain the same advantages as network design. When considering network security, it must be emphasized that the whole network is secure. Network security does not only concern the security in the computers at each end of the communication chain. When transmitting data the communication channel should not be vulnerable to attack. A possible hacker could target the communication channel, obtain the data, decrypt it and re-insert a false message. Securing the network is just as important as securing the computers and encrypting the message. When developing a secure network, the following need to be considered: 1. Access – authorized users are provided the means to communicate to and from a particular network. 2. Confidentiality – Information in the network remains private. 3. Authentication – Ensure the users of the network are who they say they are 4. Integrity – Ensure the message has not been modified in transit 5. Non-repudiation – Ensure the user does not refute that he used the network Here we mainly discuss fake websites. Fake websites means phishing. Phishing is attempting to acquire information (and sometimes, indirectly, money) such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Communications purporting to be from popular social web sites, auction sites, online payment processors or IT administrators are commonly used to lure the unsuspecting public. Phishing is typically carried out by e-mail spoofing or instant messaging, and it often directs users to enter details at a fake website whose look and feel are almost identical to the legitimate one. Phishing is an example of social engineering techniques used to deceive users, and exploits the poor usability of current web security technologies. Attempts to deal with the growing number of reported phishing incidents include legislation, user training, public awareness, and technical security measures. Once a victim visits the phishing website, the deception is not over. Some phishing scams use JavaScript commands in order to alter the address bar. This is done either by placing a picture of a legitimate URL over the address bar, or by closing the original address bar and opening a new one with the legitimate URL. An attacker can even use flaws in a trusted website’s own scripts against the victim. These types of attacks (known as cross-site scripting) are particularly problematic, because they direct the user to sign in at their bank or service’s own web page, where everything from the web address to the security certificates appears correct. In reality, the link to the website is crafted to carry out the attack, making it very difficult to spot without specialist knowledge. Just such a flaw was used in 2006 against PayPal. A Universal Man-in-the-middle (MITM) Phishing Kit, discovered in 2007, provides a simple-to-use interface that allows a phisher to convincingly reproduce websites and capture log-in details entered at the fake site. To avoid anti-phishing techniques that scan websites for phishing-related text, phishers have begun to use Flash-based websites. These look much like the real website, but hide the text in a multimedia object. 3.2 Firewall’s Protection A firewall can either be software-based or hardware-based and is used to help keep a network secure. Its primary objective is to control the incoming and outgoing network traffic by analyzing the data packets and determining whether it should be allowed through or not, based on a predetermined rule set. A network’s firewall builds a brigade between an internal network that is assumed to be secure and trusted, and another network, usually an external (inter)network, such as the Internet, that is not assumed to be secure and trusted. In general, some functions that can be done by the firewall are: 1. Doing a packet filter firewall can make the decision whether to accept or reject the incoming data packets. 2. Hiding Network Address (NAT) IP addresses can be used on the internet is a public IP. So to create a client that uses private IP can be translated into public IP. These functions are performed by a firewall, known as NAT. 3. Monitoring and Logging to improve network security and logging on the terms monitoring by a firewall. 3.3 Protocols of Network Security Network security protocols are used to protect computer data and communication in transit. The primary tool used to protect information as it travels across a network is cryptography. Cryptography uses algorithms to encrypt data so that it is not readable by unauthorized users. Generally, cryptography works with a set of procedures or protocols that manage the exchange of data between devices and networks. Together, these cryptographic protocols enhance secure data transfer. Without cryptographic network security protocols, Internet functions such as e-commerce would not be possible. Secure communication is necessary because attackers try to eavesdrop on communications, modify messages in transit, and hijack exchanges between systems. Some of the tasks networks security protocols are commonly used to protect are file transfers, Web communication, and Virtual Private Networks (VPN). The most common method of transferring files is using File Transfer Protocol (FTP). A problem with FTP is that the files are sent in clear text, meaning that they are sent unencrypted and therefore able to be compromised. For example, many webmasters update their sites using FTP; an attacker using a packet sniffer and the website’s IP address can intercept all communications between the webmaster and the site’s server. Here we mainly discuss two similar protocols: HTTP and HTTPS. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is a multi-linear set of objects, building a network by using logical links (the so called hyperlinks) between the nodes (e.g. text or words). HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext. The standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616 (June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) with the SSL/TLS protocol. It provides encrypted communication to prevent eavesdropping and to securely identify the web server with which you are actually communicating. Historically, HTTPS connections were primarily used for payment transactions on the World Wide Web, e-mail and for sensitive transactions in corporate information systems. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, HTTPS began to see widespread use for protecting page authenticity on all types of websites, securing accounts and keeping user communications, identity and browsing history private.